It is an interesting turn of phrase, "You fooled/deceived me" . It reflects the more primitive sentiment that humans are tools/ pawns in the Yahweh's hands. While how much of the book reflects the work of the one man is hotly debated, the message of Jeremiah at least here is one of capitulation to Babylon. Make what you will of the mental state of the prophets, he was sure Babylon was going to clobber them and felt the best course was to bow down.
His message was understandably unpopular and viewed as traitorous.
The priest had him put in stocks and he was ridiculed for his lack of faith and courage.
As a prophet during Josiah's attempts to reform the religion of Judah he was of the Yahwist camp that no doubt delighted in his insistence upon exclusive Yahweh worship.
He saw the Egyptians then kill Josiah and then depose Josiah's son Jehoahaz from the throne and appoint Jehoiakim king. Then he saw Egypt's rival Babylon take over and siege Jerusalem and Jehoiakim change allegiance from Egypt to Babylon. Then "Babylonian,[a] Aramean, Moabite and Ammonite" raiders come and kill Jehoiakim, possibly for some revolt(??)
The Babylon subsequently appointed Jehoiachin/Jeconiah as king at either 8 or 18 years old.
3 months later Babylon sent armies to collect the royals to take them to Babylon for assimilation and education.
Jeremiah suggested they give up but the King insisted upon resistance.
Jeremiah saw a lot of confusing turns of events and likely felt a bit "fooled" much of the time.