ANIMAL SUFFERING, EVOLUTION, AND THE ORIGINS
OF EVIL: TOWARD A “FREE CREATURES” DEFENSE
by Joshua M. Moritz
Abstract. Does an affirmation of theistic evolution make the task
of theodicy impossible? In this article, I will review a number of an-
cient and contemporary responses to the problem of evil as it concerns
animal suffering and s uggest a possible way forward which employs
the ancient Jewish insight that evil—as resistance to God’s will that
results in suffering and alienation from God’s purposes—precedes the
arrival of human beings and already has a firm foothold in the nonhu-
man animal world long before humans are ever tempted to go astray.
This theological intuition is conferred renewed relevance in light of
the empirical reality of evolutionary gradualism and continuity and
in view of the recent findings of cognitive ethology. Consequently, I
suggest that taking biological evolution seriously entails understand-
ing “moral evil” as a prehuman phenomenon that emerges gradually
through the actions and intentions of “free creatures” which—as evo-
lutionary history unfolded—increasingly possessed greater levels of
freedom and degrees of moral culpability.
Keywords: animal morality; animal suffering; cognitive ethology;
evil; evolution; the Fall; free will; theodicy