James Woods,
Interesting topic. Makes me wonder what causes me to jump in and say anything at all - or just sit it out.
As was noted above, Einstein clearly has reservations about quantum mechanics, a subject that seems to introduce even more levels of indeterminancy (?) since he passed on in 1955. But suffice to say that the notion of an electron not having a trajectory in space, but a probability cloud surrounding a nucleus - that bothered him. And it bothers a lot of people who are used to their senses showing a falling leaf on an autumn day dropping to the ground in a perceived spiral. The idea of not being able to tie down both momentum and position - that just doesn't make much common sense.
But neither do notions that Einstein's special and general relativity propose and demonstrate experimentally, things like the passage of time varies with localization in space or relative velocities within it, reshaping geometry. Both relativity and quantum mechanics definitely modify Newtonian classical mechanics or dynamics, but it is also more than that. If energy e = mass x speed of light squared, then that also means that energy causes the same distortions as mass does in space. ...But let's stick to mass. Newton explains orbital paths in terms of attracting masses and balancing forces; relativity explains orbital paths by warping of space by mass or energy. That's a big difference. And it also means mass or energy warp space with respect to passage of time. As you approach large masses, time slows down. As you approach a black hole, it is as much as stops.
A lot of religions ( we won't mention any here by name) are obsessed with timelines, so much so that one would expect that God would be wearing a pocket watch and watching the calendar. But Einstein's theory seems to indicate that time is PART of creation. If one's life is examined by God, then it would seem that all parts of it would be examined at once from a perspective outside of its orb, its circular passage from start to finish on this plane in which we exist.
So, if God is watching from without, that leads us back to the problem of free will, choice, determinism. If God can watch our process from a perspective other than our momentary conscientiousness in a realm with the retarded communication potential associated with light, then does that not indicate God knows our outcomes already? I think Tolstoy used to wonder about this sort of thing with books like War and Peace. He spoke of individuals and historical trends or events: Did individual Napoleon or the the event Austerlitz loom larger - or can relationships be sorted out at all.
Chaos theory I haven't read enough on to be sure (sic), but I believe it would get by in a Newtonian world simply on the basis of identifying effects like the sneeze of a butterfly causing a hurricane to form: extreme sensitivity to initial conditions. A knife edge difference can be made in an initial condition such as dropping a spacecraft from the moon to the edge of the earth's atmosphere. A tiny difference in angle or velocity and the result varies enormously: it skips out of the atmosphere, or it enters and lands in the Pacific Ocean to a reception by recovery helicopters. That one is easy enough to understand, but there are dynamic situations like that lurking or hidden everywhere, usually much more complicated.
Does the Creator monitor things like that all over creation? Does the Creator do so at the level of electrons and atoms with the effects that Einstein protests? Did the Creator set the ball rolling with a big bang billions of years back with a Rube Goldberg device and windage that led to our being here to discuss this matter? I would say that the Creator did so to some degree, but we are left to argue or discover many of the details. On the other hand, having certainty about all this and left to dwell on it for another eternity does not seem like a situation I am any better equipped for.