My Brush with Nuclear History

by Amazing1914 33 Replies latest jw friends

  • Amazing1914
    Amazing1914

    Note: The following addresses a sensitive issue with mention of historical and some political references to give context. This post is deeply serious and is my heartfelt view concerning the Christian spirit.

    In 1976, after assuring the FBI that I was not a communist, and cooperating with endless requests for information, I was given a classified security clearance. I was still a Jehovah's Witness, but this was only a marginal concern to the authorities at the time. When I joined the JW religion in 1968 it caused my brother some problems with his own security clearance. He served as a spy for the US government. He was finally able to get my religious involvement resolved and kept his clearance.

    I worked in the civilian development of nuclear energy as an electrical engineer. I supported and conducted both destructive and not destructive tests of equipment used in nuclear power plants. This level of research and development was necessary to have equipment that can operate in an accident environment and safely shut down a commercial nuclear reactor.

    In one assignment, I provided consulting services to Westinghouse, the Hanford Area general operating company. The forerunner of the Department of Energy was known as the "Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)" which had general federal oversight of Hanford. Westinghouse sent me out to a now declassified area called 200 West.

    The 200 Area site was then a nuclear waste center. Various radioactive by-product materials, like Cesium and Strontium, must be maintained in metal/concrete storage tanks. These chemicals are constantly stirred and treated to keep them from catching fire or breaching the tanks. My job was to provide design support for new security systems to prevent people from entering the area and attempting theft of radioactive materials or sabotage. I also provided design support to improve the alarm system from the tanks to the control center so that operators could have better warning than the 1940s style light bulb glowing at the top of the tanks. I marveled at these by-products from an age gone by ... products that will be there for a long time to come, unless the clean-up programs have taken care of them. Somehow, knowing the pace of our government, I doubt that this clean up has progressed very far.

    Then comes the strangest site of all. I enter 200 West for the first time. I am given the usual tour and introductions are made with managers and fellow professionals. During the tour, I am asked if I want to see the room where "it" all happened. I agreed and asked what "it" was. My manager informed me that the large area room, with a railroad bay, was where the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima was built. The bay was perhaps 75 yards long and about 50 yards wide, or nearly the size of a football field. I studied the dimly lit large cavern-like bay, and the upper level gangway where various monitoring stations sat empty and lifeless. I touched the old fashioned phones used in 1945. They were still in good condition and useable. The large dial monitors for measuring the environment and radiation impressed me. It was all still as it stood in 1945, like a museum, except its workers were all long gone. As I talked with the manager, our voices echoes up and down the bay.

    It was here that I first studied the Bible with some Christians, though I was still a JW. As they prayed together, I did not say amen, because of my Watchtower conscience. But I did not yet value them as I should have done and now do. But, looking back, I realize that this was a significant piece of history, a place where people constructed a device that would kill 100,000 people, men, women, and children. This place is where the first atomic bomb rolled out to the death and horrible destruction of so many.

    What can we say? I cannot go back and judge the sense of justice or determination of the US to engage the Japanese Empire. The Japanese were hard and brutal and killed so many people by means of torture. It does seem ironic to me that the nation whose flag was a symbol of the sun, was itself burned by a force tens times hotter than the sun. Some will argue that if the atomic bomb was not used that millions more would die on both sides, as the Japanese were training women and children to fight any invasion force. Others will strongly argue that there was no excuse for using such a horrendous weapon. I don't know how to discuss such things anymore, so I can only relate my feelings in a different way.

    War is beyond argument. I feel that to argue who started a war, who had to right to defend themselves, that children and innocent people on both sides were killed, or any revisionist historical claims are truly missing the point for Christians. No, the issue goes to why humans engage in war to this day, and have not found within their own humanity a better way to solve their differences.

    The problem with noble statements about hating war is that there is an even deeper concern. Some wars are started not as acts of preemptive defense, or because of unresolved differences. Many times, wars are brought to us because of the perverse lust for power and control over others. We certainly see such extreme examples in the likes of Hitler, Stalin, and others.

    This brings us to an even more troublesome contradiction. Do we as Christians find there are times when it is justified to engage in war to defeat those whose only drive is lust for victory and power? Or, do we stand down, turn the other cheek, and beg God for a miracle that will end the madness. The only thing I can do for now is stand down as a Christian - but, to not judge those whose conscience demands that at times good people must rise up and do something to stop those who would kill everyone in their path.

    Jim Whitney

  • IW
    IW
    The only thing I can do for now is stand down as a Christian -

    Good for you, Jim.

    IW

  • katiekitten
    katiekitten

    Wow. thats heavy duty information.

    Not sure what to say, very interesting though.

  • SixofNine
    SixofNine


    That's quite an opportunity and brush with history, Amazing. I was surprised to find out just how Christ like many high level Americans involved in the war became, when staring down those bombs.


    For instance, ya gotta love Dwight Eisenhower's christian spirit:

    " ....and so I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of 'face'. The Secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude..."


    And Admiral William D. Leahy (Chief of Staff to Presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman) seemed to have a sense of "do unto others...":

    "It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons.

    "The lethal possibilities of atomic warfare in the future are frightening. My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children."

    - William Leahy, I Was There, pg. 441.


    Was Herbert Hoover a long haired Jesus Freak at heart? You decide:

    In early May of 1946 Hoover met with General Douglas MacArthur. Hoover recorded in his diary, "I told MacArthur of my memorandum of mid-May 1945 to Truman, that peace could be had with Japan by which our major objectives would be accomplished. MacArthur said that was correct and that we would have avoided all of the losses, the Atomic bomb, and the entry of Russia into Manchuria."

    Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, pg. 350-351.


    GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR of course wasn't so much a christian as he was a jap lovin' hippy:

    MacArthur biographer William Manchester has described MacArthur's reaction to the issuance by the Allies of the Potsdam Proclamation to Japan: "...the Potsdam declaration in July, demand[ed] that Japan surrender unconditionally or face 'prompt and utter destruction.' MacArthur was appalled. He knew that the Japanese would never renounce their emperor, and that without him an orderly transition to peace would be impossible anyhow, because his people would never submit to Allied occupation unless he ordered it. Ironically, when the surrender did come, it was conditional, and the condition was a continuation of the imperial reign. Had the General's advice been followed, the resort to atomic weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki might have been unnecessary."

    William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964, pg. 512.

    Norman Cousins was a consultant to General MacArthur during the American occupation of Japan. Cousins writes of his conversations with MacArthur, "MacArthur's views about the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were starkly different from what the general public supposed." He continues, "When I asked General MacArthur about the decision to drop the bomb, I was surprised to learn he had not even been consulted. What, I asked, would his advice have been? He replied that he saw no military justification for the dropping of the bomb. The war might have ended weeks earlier, he said, if the United States had agreed, as it later did anyway, to the retention of the institution of the emperor."

    Norman Cousins, The Pathology of Power, pg. 65, 70-71.


    And then there's this peacenik: Paul Nitze (Vice Chairman, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey)

    In 1950 Nitze would recommend a massive military buildup, and in the 1980s he was an arms control negotiator in the Reagan administration. In July of 1945 he was assigned the task of writing a strategy for the air attack on Japan. Nitze later wrote:

    "The plan I devised was essentially this: Japan was already isolated from the standpoint of ocean shipping. The only remaining means of transportation were the rail network and intercoastal shipping, though our submarines and mines were rapidly eliminating the latter as well. A concentrated air attack on the essential lines of transportation, including railroads and (through the use of the earliest accurately targetable glide bombs, then emerging from development) the Kammon tunnels which connected Honshu with Kyushu, would isolate the Japanese home islands from one another and fragment the enemy's base of operations. I believed that interdiction of the lines of transportation would be sufficiently effective so that additional bombing of urban industrial areas would not be necessary.

    "While I was working on the new plan of air attack... [I] concluded that even without the atomic bomb, Japan was likely to surrender in a matter of months. My own view was that Japan would capitulate by November 1945."

    Paul Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, pg. 36-37 (my emphasis)


    Ok, I admit that this guy sounds Jewish judging by his name, but might he have been a Jew for Jesus?

    ALBERT EINSTEIN

    Einstein was not directly involved in the Manhattan Project (which developed the atomic bomb). In 1905, as part of his Special Theory of Relativity, he made the intriguing point that a relatively large amount of energy was contained in and could be released from a relatively small amount of matter. This became best known by the equation E=mc2. The atomic bomb was not based upon this theory but clearly illustrated it.

    In 1939 Einstein signed a letter to President Roosevelt that was drafted by the scientist Leo Szilard. Received by FDR in October of that year, the letter from Einstein called for and sparked the beginning of U.S. government support for a program to build an atomic bomb, lest the Nazis build one first.

    Einstein did not speak publicly on the atomic bombing of Japan until a year afterward. A short article on the front page of the New York Times contained his view:

    "Prof. Albert Einstein... said that he was sure that President Roosevelt would have forbidden the atomic bombing of Hiroshima had he been alive and that it was probably carried out to end the Pacific war before Russia could participate."

    Einstein Deplores Use of Atom Bomb, New York Times, 8/19/46, pg. 1.

    Regarding the 1939 letter to Roosevelt, his biographer, Ronald Clark, has noted:

    "As far as his own life was concerned, one thing seemed quite clear. 'I made one great mistake in my life,' he said to Linus Pauling, who spent an hour with him on the morning of November 11, 1954, '...when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification - the danger that the Germans would make them.'".

    Ronald Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, pg. 620.


    This guy sounds like a golden ruler: ELLIS ZACHARIAS (Deputy Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence)

    Based on a series of intelligence reports received in late 1944, Zacharias, long a student of Japan's people and culture, believed the Japan would soon be ripe for surrender if the proper approach were taken. For him, that approach was not as simple as bludgeoning Japanese cities:

    "...while Allied leaders were immediately inclined to support all innovations however bold and novel in the strictly military sphere, they frowned upon similar innovations in the sphere of diplomatic and psychological warfare."

    Ellis Zacharias, The A-Bomb Was Not Needed, United Nations World, Aug. 1949, pg. 29.

    Zacharias saw that there were diplomatic and religious (the status of the Emperor) elements that blocked the doves in Japan's government from making their move:

    "What prevented them from suing for peace or from bringing their plot into the open was their uncertainty on two scores. First, they wanted to know the meaning of unconditional surrender and the fate we planned for Japan after defeat. Second, they tried to obtain from us assurances that the Emperor could remain on the throne after surrender."

    Ellis Zacharias, Eighteen Words That Bagged Japan, Saturday Evening Post, 11/17/45, pg. 17.

    To resolve these issues, Zacharias developed several plans for secret negotiations with Japanese representatives; all were rejected by the U.S. government. Instead, a series of psychological warfare radio broadcasts by Zacharias was later approved. In the July 21, 1945 broadcast, Zacharias made an offer to Japan that stirred controversy in the U.S.: a surrender based on the Atlantic Charter. On July 25th, the U.S. intercepted a secret transmission from Japan's Foreign Minister (Togo) to their Ambassador to Moscow (Sato), who was trying to set up a meeting with the Soviets to negotiate an end to the war. The message referred to the Zacharias broadcast and stated:

    "...special attention should be paid to the fact that at this time the United States referred to the Atlantic Charter. As for Japan, it is impossible to accept unconditional surrender under any circumstances, but we should like to communicate to the other party through appropriate channels that we have no objection to a peace based on the Atlantic Charter."

    U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, vol. 2, pg. 1260-1261.

    But on July 26th, the U.S., Great Britain, and China publicly issued the Potsdam Proclamation demanding "unconditional surrender" from Japan. Zacharias later commented on the favorable Japanese response to his broadcast:

    "But though we gained a victory, it was soon to be canceled out by the Potsdam Declaration and the way it was handled.

    "Instead of being a diplomatic instrument, transmitted through regular diplomatic channels and giving the Japanese a chance to answer, it was put on the radio as a propaganda instrument pure and simple. The whole maneuver, in fact, completely disregarded all essential psychological factors dealing with Japan."

    Zacharias continued, "The Potsdam Declaration, in short, wrecked everything we had been working for to prevent further bloodshed...

    "Just when the Japanese were ready to capitulate, we went ahead and introduced to the world the most devastating weapon it had ever seen and, in effect, gave the go-ahead to Russia to swarm over Eastern Asia.

    "Washington decided that Japan had been given its chance and now it was time to use the A-bomb.

    "I submit that it was the wrong decision. It was wrong on strategic grounds. And it was wrong on humanitarian grounds."

    Ellis Zacharias, How We Bungled the Japanese Surrender, Look, 6/6/50, pg. 19-21.


    Geez, how did we let a bunch of hippy Jesus freaks infiltrate our military? BRIGADIER GENERAL CARTER CLARKE (The military intelligence officer in charge of preparing intercepted Japanese cables - the MAGIC summaries - for Truman and his advisors)

    "...when we didn't need to do it, and we knew we didn't need to do it, and they knew that we knew we didn't need to do it, we used them as an experiment for two atomic bombs."

    Quoted in Gar Alperovitz, The Decision To Use the Atomic Bomb, pg. 359.


    .... and many more, whose religious affilitation I couldn't venture a guess, but whose 1945 views reflect a whole lot more circumspection about mass killing of civilians than your average American, supposedly-christian or otherwise, circa 2005.

  • logansrun
    logansrun

    Why didn't the US detonate an atomic bomb on an unihabited Japanese island to show them the extent of the obliteration that follows such an explosion? Who knows. The US government obviously seemed to view the Japanese as somewhat subhuman. Did they put Germans and Italians in concentration camps? I don't think so.

    I'm inclined to agree with the suspicions of some historians who speculate that Truman wanted to show the Soviets the extent of US power by nuking a couple thriving cities not far away from Russian terrritory.

    But..we'll never know, will we?

    B.

  • Lady Lee
    Lady Lee

    Jim

    Excellent to see you still drop by on occassion.

    Thank you for sharing that info. It sometimes amazes me that mankind can wrought such destruction on other human beings

  • IW
    IW

    Jesus!

    Amazing already said: "The only thing I can do for now is stand down as a Christian - "

    Let the guy stand by his pacifist position if that's what he likes.

    IW

  • Amazing1914
    Amazing1914

    Hi IW: I am not a pacifist, but as a Christian, I can't find myself participating in any conflicts. Yet, I cannot judge those who do.

    Hi Brad: The US did not consider the Japanese as subhuman. They were facing a fierce enemy that could drag on fighting for years more, killing millions. The choice made was to end the war early. I agree that maybe bombing a nearby uninhabited island may have worked. But, keep in mind that Japan did not surrender after Hiroshima was nuked. It took a second bomb over Nagasaki to finally convince them it was over.

    PS: Give me a ring sometime.

    Jim W.

  • SixofNine
    SixofNine

    Yeah, Jim Whitney's opinion carries so much more weight than Dwight Eisenhower or Albert Einstien's. I do believe an eyeroll would be appropriate here.

    Btw, Brad's argument had merit; we didn't put Germans or Italians in concentration camps. It seems we did see the Japanese as sub-human. I don't personally believe that that had much to do with the bombs, however. The info I posted above points directly at a few other less-than-nobel reasons.

  • IW
    IW

    Amazing,

    "I am not a pacifist, but as a Christian, I can't find myself participating in any conflicts"

    Could you then define what you believe a pacifist is? Also if the U.S. were to be directly attacked by invading armies, are you saying you would not take up arms to defend her?

    IW

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