Article excerpted from http://www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/dss.htm
Pre-Daniel Traditions
4Q242 Even before the discovery of the DSS, Wolfram von Soden posited that the stories about
Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 3 and 4 were actually stories told about Nabonidus. According to ancient
Mesopotamia sources Nabonidus was the father of king Belshazzar, not Nebuchadnezzar as Daniel 5:2
states.
It seems that 4Q242 preserves a tradition that pre-dates the Biblical text of Daniel. It seems that a
scribe copying (or redacting) the Book of Daniel changed the name of the lesser known Nabonidus to the
better known Nebuchadnezzar who destroyed Jerusalem and the temple.
Non-Biblical Traditions of Daniel
4QPseudo-Daniel (4Q243-244-245) has a different perspective on history which starts in Genesis, but
Daniel starts with the exiles. It seems that these fragments reflect a mixture of Enoch and Daniel traditions
before the Book of Daniel was written.
4Q246 Aramaic Apocalypse or "Son of God Text" refers to a figure called "Son of God" and "Son of the
Most High." This may be background for the Christology of Luke (Luke 1:32,35). This fragment seems to be
dependent on Daniel 7 especially verses 14 and 27.
4Q552-553 Four Kingdoms preserves a vision of four trees which represent four kingdoms. One tree is
identified with Babylon, and another with Persia. This vision may have developed from the Book of Daniel
vision of one tree.
Scrolls of the Book of Daniel There are eight copies of the Book of Daniel found in Qumran Caves 1, 4,
and 6. They are 1Q71-2, 4Q112-116, and 6Q7pap. The Hebrew and Aramaic sections are preserved.
Generally the texts follow the Masoretic tradition, but there are some important differences (See
Charlesworth, The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vol.1, p.161).
Prayer of Nabonidus 4Q242
[1] Words of the prayer, said by Nabonidus, king of Babylonia, [the great] king, [when afflicted]
[2] with an ulcer on command of the most high God in Tayma:
["I, Nabonidus,] was afflicted [with an evil ulcer]
[3] for seven years, and far from [men] I [was driven, until I prayed to the most high God.] And
[4] an exorcist pardoned my sins. He was a Jew from [among the children of the exile of Judah, and said:]
[5] "Recount this in writing to glorify and exalt the name of [the most high God."Then I wrote this:] "When
[67] I was afflicted for seven years [by the most high God] with an evil ulcer during my stay at Tayma,
[7] I prayed [to] the gods of silver and gold, [bronze and iron,] wood, stone and lime,{{It is interesting to notice that the line "have praised the gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron,
[8] wood and stone"
[the end is missing]