Gnosticism and Christianity

by ProdigalSon 20 Replies latest watchtower bible

  • ProdigalSon
    ProdigalSon

    Having seen in history how the Catholic Church/Roman Empire systematically wiped the Gnostics from the face of the Earth and attempted to do the same with all of their writings, I find it appalling when LIES are told to this very day about what really happened in the first 300 years of "Christianity". Regardless of what you might believe about the Gnostics, they had a right to live and breathe on this earth just like anyone else. To defend the Church's position and say that it was the Gnostics that "corrupted Christianity" is not only woefully ignorant, but in my opinion, is like a nod of agreement that these people were a threat to the Church and deserved to die. I have no doubt that if some of today's wildly fanatical fundies were alive back then, they would have gleefully participated in the slaughter of these innocent people, fully believing they were doing a "service to God".

    The truth is, the Gnostics, unlike the Christians, didn't go out trying to actively recruit or convert people. They lived in seclusion, practiced in secret, and kept to themselves. They were like a private club. They didn't go out looking for you, you had to find them. They didn't care about dogma and doctrine, they stressed that the Spirit of God was within you and taught you how to block out all the mind noise and chatter to find the Divine Intuition inside. "Beliefs" didn't matter to them, what mattered was putting ancient metaphysical knowledge into practice. Unfortunately, like anything that is Divine and pure in this world, the negative elements find a way to infiltrate and corrupt it. We ended up with good Gnostics and bad Gnostics. White Magicians and Black Magicians. They either serve humanity or they serve the self. They support systems that work for the benevolence of everyone or for the benefit of the elite at the expense of the goyim. Sheep and Goats. It's not that complicated.

    That being said, I was compelled to write a rebuttal to PSac's unbelievably biased post about the Gnostic Gospels on the "Jesus must have had a wife at some point" thread.

    In 1945 a discovery was made in Upper Egypt, near the town of Nag Hammadi. Fifty-two copies of ancient writings, called the Gnostic gospels were found in 13 leather-bound papyrus codices (handwritten books). They were written in Coptic and belonged to a library in a monastery.

    A few Gnostic scholars have gone so far as to assert that these recently discovered writings are the authentic history of Jesus instead of the New Testament.

    "A few Gnostic scholars" seem to be woefully ignorant of the fact that METAPHOR and ALLEGORY were the common writing styles before and during the Biblical Era. Spiritual thoughts were not conveyed via historical accounts, which are meaningless and empty, unless they are conveying what a previous person has done to attain enlightenment. Telling us that "God" came into the world and was born with a distinct advantage from the rest of us really doesn't help anybody. All it does is delude them into believing that they are hopeless, worthless sinners who have no hope of salvation and redemption without some outside entity taking care of all their problems for them. How clever of the Catholic Church to devise a scheme where everybody STFU and falls in line like good little serfs.

    But does their faith in these documents square with the historical evidence?

    Are we talking about the historical evidence for Jesus, outside the Bible, of which there is NONE?

    Let’s take a deeper look to see if we can separate truth from fiction.

    Yes, why don't we?

    Secret "Knowers"

    The Gnostic gospels are attributed to a group known as (big surprise here) the Gnostics. Their name comes from the Greek word gnosis, meaning “knowledge.” These people thought they had secret, special knowledge hidden from ordinary people.

    Would that be similar, or different, from the Intuitive knowledge of "gifted" people that are apparently born with savant abilities? Interestingly, this sarcastically facetious statement is saying that ALL KNOWLEDGE must come from an outside source, and you better just pray that it's not a lie. Just believe what you are told and never, ever try to reach your own conclusions on a matter by thinking critically.

    How about psychics? Remote viewers? Astrologists? Are they all working for the Devil? Are they getting all their information from "demons"? IF they are, why is it that "God" lets the bad guys use these powers that HE obviously built into the system, while for the "Faithful", it's off limits and you better just keep up your faith with absolutely no sign from "God" that he even exists, except for some vague "answer" to a "prayer" that you may have attracted simply with your own energy?

    As Christianity spread, the Gnostics mixed some doctrines and elements of Christian­ity into their beliefs, morphing Gnosticism into a counterfeit Christianity. Perhaps they did it to keep recruitment numbers up and make Jesus a poster child for their cause. However, for their system of thought to fit with Christianity, Jesus needed to be rein­vented, stripped of both his humanity and his absolute deity.

    Marcion, along with the Gnostics, maintained that the idea of an incarnate God was a fallacy, and denied the corporeal reality of the living body of Christ. His entity was a mere illusion, not made of flesh and blood, nor born of a human mother. His divine nature would be polluted by any contact with sinful flesh. He accepted Paul as the only apostle preaching the pure gospel of truth, and accused the other disciples of "depraving the pure form of the gospel doctrines delivered to them by Jesus, mixing up matters of the Law and the words of the Saviour."

    Early Critics

    A mild strain of Gnostic philosophy was already growing in the first century just decades after the death of Jesus. The apostles, in their teaching and writings, went to great lengths to condemn these beliefs as being opposed to the truth of Jesus, to whom they were eyewitnesses.

    This sounds more like a disease than a philosophy. I can just see it now. Anybody who believes the Gnostics are "mentally diseased"!

    Check out, for example, what the apostle John wrote near the end of the first century some lying Church Father wrote probably closer to the end of the fourth century:

    Who is the great liar? The one who says that Jesus is not the Christ. Such people are antichrists, for they have denied the Father and the Son. (1 John 2:22, NIV).

    Following the apostles’ teaching, the early church leaders unanimously condemned the Gnostics as a cult. Church father Irenaeus, writing 140 years before the Council of Nicaea, confirmed that the Gnostics were condemned by the church as heretics. He also rejected their “gospels.” But, referring to the four New Testament Gospels, he said, “It is not possible that the Gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are.” 2

    http://www.blavatsky.net/magazine/theosophy/ww/additional/christianity/OrientalKabala.html

    So hopelessly entangled seems Irenæus in his fruitless endeavors to describe, to all outward appearance at least, the true doctrines of the many Gnostic sects of which he treats and to present them at the same time as abominable "heresies," that he either deliberately, or through ignorance, confounds all of them in such a way that few metaphysicians would be able to disentangle them, without the Kabala and the Codex as the true keys. Thus, for instance, he cannot even tell the difference between the Sethianites and the Ophites, and tells us that they called the "God of all," "Hominem," a MAN, and his mind the SECOND man, or the "Son of man." So does Theodoret, who lived more than two centuries after Irenæus, and who makes a sad mess of the chronological order in which the various sects succeed each other. Neither the Sethianites, (a branch of the Jewish Nazarenes) nor the Ophites, a purely Greek sect, have ever held anything of the kind. Irenæus contradicts his own words by describing in another place the doctrines of Cerinthus, the direct disciple of Simon Magus. He says that Cerinthus taught that the world was not created by the FIRST GOD, but by a virtue (virtus) or power, an Æon so distant from the First Cause that he was even ignorant of HIM who is above all things. This Æon subjected Jesus, he begot him physically through Joseph from one who was not a virgin, but simply the wife of that Joseph, and Jesus was born like all other men. Viewed from this physical aspect of his nature, Jesus was called the "son of man." It is only after his baptism, that Christos, the anointed, descended from the Princeliness of above, in the figure of a dove, and then announced the UNKNOWN Father through Jesus.

    Christian theologian Origen wrote this in the early third century, more than a hun­dred years before Nicaea:

    I know a certain gospel which is called “The Gospel according to Thomas” and a “Gospel according to Matthias,” and many others have we read—lest we should in any way be consid­ered ignorant because of those who imagine they possess some knowledge if they are acquainted with these.

    Nevertheless, among all these we have approved solely what the church has recognized, which is that only four gospels should be accepted. 3

    There ya go, "solely what the church has recognized". Might as well worship Ratzinger.

    The Gnostic gospels are dated about 110 to 300 years after Christ, which would precede the Church Councils, wouldn't they? and no cred­ible scholar believes any of them could have been written by their namesakes. That's exactly what the "credible scholars" say about the four canonical gospels!

    New Testament scholar Norman Geisler writes, “The Gnostic writings were not written by the apostles, but by men in the second century (and later) pretending to use apostolic authority to advance their own teachings. Today we call this fraud and forgery.” 5

    When the Gnostic Gospels are taken in their proper context, as ALLEGORY and not historical fact, it is not "fraud and forgery". It is like folklore being handed down. Nobody has a copyright on it. It is, on the other hand, quite clear that the canonical gospels are filled with fraud and forgery. ("Forged" by Bart Ehrman is an excellent read.)

    Mystery Versus History

    The Gnostic gospels are not historical ac­counts of Jesus’ life but instead are largely esoteric sayings, shrouded in mystery, leaving out historical details such as names, places, and events. This is in strik­ing contrast to the New Testament Gospels, which contain innumerable historical facts about Jesus’ life, ministry, and words.

    Exactly what I just said, no problem here. The Bible promotes the lie of historicity, and conceals the deeper hidden meaning of Jesus' ministry... the personal application of it. Can't have that if you're the Roman Empire. Who would you be more likely to believe—someone who says, “Hey, I’ve got some secret facts that were mysteriously revealed to me,

    like "Paul", who the Catholic Church used to completely change the direction of Christianity by changing, redacting, and interpolating his epistles to death, and even attributing books to him that he clearly didn't write?

    or someone who says, “I’ve searched all the evidence and history and here it is for you to make up your mind on”?

    As long as you present facts and not lies, that's fine.

    Keeping that question in mind, consider the following two statements, the first from the Gnostic Gospel of Thomas (c. 110-150 A.D.) and the second from the New Testament’s Gospel of Luke (c. 55-70 A.D.).

    • These are the hidden sayings that the living Jesus spoke and Judas Thomas the Twin recorded. 6
    • Many people have written accounts about the events that took place among us. They used as their source material the reports circulating among us from the early disciples and other eyewitnesses of what God has done in fulfillment of his promises. Having carefully investigated all of these accounts from the beginning, I have decided to write a careful summary for you, to reassure you of the truth of all you were taught. (Luke 1:1-4, NLT)

    Do you find the open and aboveboard approach of Luke appealing? And do you find the fact that it was written closer to the original events to be in favor of its reliability? If so, that’s what the early church thought as well.

    At least the Gospel itself was forthcoming with the fact that it was "hidden", which is a far cry from presenting long-standing myths as historical fact. Considering that Mithraism was the biggest religion at the time of Jesus, everyone would have laughed at him for impersonating Mithra. What really happened is borne out by the evidence: The largest "Christian" Cathedrals and Churches are built on top of the ruins of Mithraic Temples. "Christianity" is the literalized, watered-down version of ancient spiritual truth taught for thousands of years in the form of allegory.

    And most scholars concur with the early church’s view that the New Testament is the authentic history of Jesus. New Testament scholar Raymond Brown has said of the Gnostic gospels, “We learn not a single verifiable new fact about the historical Jesus’ ministry, and only a few new sayings that might possibly have been his.” 7

    "Most scholars", huh? That's really a joke, and it sounds like Watchtower-type bias-speak. On the contrary, "most scholars" are fully aware that outside of the Bible, there is absolutely no evidence for a historical Jesus. So when they say "most scholars", they must be leaving something out, like "most scholars who are Bible worshipers".

    Thus, even though the Gnostic writings have impressed some scholars, their late dating and questionable authorship can’t compare with the New Testament. Such contrast between the New Testament and the Gnostic writings is devastating to those pushing conspiracy theories. New Testament historian F. F. Bruce wrote, “There is no body of ancient literature in the world which enjoys such a wealth of good textual attestation as the New Testament” 8

    Then why did the Gnostic Gospels have to be hidden in an earthenware vessel and buried in the ground to keep them from being destroyed by the Roman Catholic Terror and Tyranny Machine?

    In conclusion, I'll answer that with this:

    http://www.jehovahs-witness.net/watchtower/bible/206535/1/How-and-when-was-the-New-Testament-Compiled

  • PSacramento
    PSacramento
    That being said, I was compelled to write a rebuttal to PSac's unbelievably biased post about the Gnostic Gospels on the

    Dude, seriously.

    First off I just pasted what was on a website, like YOU do when you want to m ake YOUR point.

    Second, As I said before, you are entitled to believe anything you want but it doesn't change that the majority of scholars don't view the gnostic that way.

    They MAY be wrong and you MAY be right ot vice-versa, that's fine.

    That you don't agree with what most scholars say abou them is fine too, that is your right.

    But don't go making yourself and your links to be UNBIASED cause they are NOT.

  • EntirelyPossible
    EntirelyPossible

    You were compelled?

  • ProdigalSon
    ProdigalSon

    It isn't easy to find non-biased articles about Gnosticism apart from Gnostic websites. Lewis Loflin's sullivan-county.com is fair and balanced on just about every subject it deals with. Funny how these pesky Gnostics just kept popping up, no matter how much the Church tried to exterminate them. That in itself says a lot about where the gnosis or knowledge comes from....

    http://www.sullivan-county.com/id2/gnosticism.htm

    Overview of Gnosticism

    by Lewis Loflin

    In AD 1209, the entire population of the Albigens was slaughtered at the order of Pope Innocent III. The Albigens, in the south of France, was then the most populous, the most technically, socially, and economically advanced part of Europe. Its population was largely Gnostics and Arian Christians, and were a sanctuary for Jews who were persecuted almost everywhere else in Europe. All of these groups had a high percentage of literacy and read the Bible, which was prohibited by the Vatican.

    Innocent III was seeking to put a stop to the "Gnostic heresy", but found it to be entrenched throughout Europe, so he followed the "Cathar Crusade" with the creation of the Inquisition, resulting in countless millions of people being slowly and brutally tortured to death over the next 500 years for even the mere suspicion of being witches. Innocent also reinstated a prohibition against the owning or reading of Bibles by anyone other than clergy, under penalty of death.

    The above was an introduction to an essay I read years ago, but it is sad historical fact. What is it about the Gnostics, Arians, and Jews that produces such rage and fear within official Christendom? Gnosticism is often defined as a "cult" of "secret knowledge" or to quote, "These gospels emphasize knowledge that initiates have and others do not."

    This is a Christian definition and an attempt to separate itself from its origins. Many Gnostic groups shared with Christians a rejection of Laws of Moses and salvation by works; a belief that other beings created the material world; the shared belief of a divine mediator between God and man; and finally the belief that nothing "worldly" is of any importance. Only faith in or knowledge of this divine mediator (1 Tim 2:5), would lead one to salvation and eternal life.

    Gnosticism envisaged the world as a series of emanations from the highest "One", that produced a series of emanations. The lowest emanation was an evil god (the demiurge) who created the material world as a prison for the divine sparks that dwell in human bodies. The Gnostics identified this evil creator with the God of the Old Testament, and saw the Adam/Eve and the ministry of Jesus as attempts to liberate humanity from his dominion, by imparting divine secret wisdom. Gnostics like Christians take an allegorical view of the Old Testament. Gnosticism is loaded with Buddhism and other Eastern religious themes, and draws heavily on Platonism.

    What I present here will be very controversial. Gnosticism is not a defined religion as such, but often a theological dumping ground for "heresies" as defined by the official Christian Church. It was a process of denial and murder dating back to the time of Constantine and Nicaea in 325 AD. In my view Christianity is more Gnosticism than Judaism and an attempt to combine two related, but opposing systems of theology and thought. Christianity isn't monotheism, but panentheism. Christianity and what was called Gnosticism (a modern term) both evolved from common roots in the vast Hellenistic (Greek) syncretism following Alexander the Great's Empire.

    This empire stretched from Greece to India, and led to a "syncretism" of many philosophies and religions. It provided a conduit for Eastern religion to move west and Greek philosophy to move east. The birth of Gnosticism occurred from the often ignored period between the decline of Greece and the rise of Rome to about 300 AD. (Over 600 years) This is part of the 300 year gap in the Protestant Bible between Malachi and Matthew. The Apocrypha gives only a mere hint of what really happened in that time. Here I will look at Gnosticism as it relates to Christianity and Judaism.

    Gnosticism differs from "official" Christianity in two important respects: 1) Gnostics believed the material world was created as evil and corrupted, and 2) Jesus was a spirit, not actual flesh. Jesus was born of the Holy Spirit in both Gnosticism and Christianity, but in Gnosticism the Holy Spirit was the "feminine" or female aspect of God. Thus the Holy Spirit was the true "mother" of Jesus.

  • PSacramento
    PSacramento

    We can't find unbiased info on ANYTHING, LOL!

    That is why we need to research BOTH sides and come to our own conclusions.

    That said, while I don't agree with gnotisicim and don't agree with your views, I respect them 100%.

    In the end what he have are opinions (on BOTH sides) and it truly is up to the indivdual to decide which opinion, best suits him/her.

  • journey-on
    journey-on

    ProdigalSon.....you have a PM.

  • still thinking
    still thinking

    Gnostice beliefs are so varied I'm not so sure you can label them as a belief.

    I have been reading a bit lately about different gnostics in history...fascinating stuff. There seems to be good reason why orthodox christianity wouldn't want them around. They threaten their control.

    How much I believe or don't believe...I am still undecided. But I don't think it can be discounted just because it doesn't fit in with main stream chrisianity. I think it needs to be questioned as much as any other belief.

  • ProdigalSon
    ProdigalSon

    I just came across this interview with Elaine Pagels.... for those of you unfamiliar with her work and are interested in getting to the root of what really happened in Christianity's early stages.... Elaine is the Harrington Spear Paine Professor of Religion at Princeton University. She is best known for her studies and writing on the Gnostic Gospels. Her most significant books are The Gnostic Gospels (1979), Adam, Eve and the Serpent (1988), The Origin of Satan (1995), Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (2003), and Reading Judas: The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity (2007).

    http://www.realitysandwich.com/gnostic_interview_elaine_pagels

  • Band on the Run
    Band on the Run

    I completed several courses on Gnosticism with Elaine Pagels, certainly one of the top five Gnostic scholars in the world, when I was in college. She would not go so far as to say Gnosticism was authentic Christianity. She emphasized that there were many authentic Christianities and that the Roman Catholic orthodoxy took hold for political and social reasons. I listened to Ehrman's tapes for the Teaching Company on Early Christianity to Constantine with the past few weeks. He says it is improper to say early Christians b/c there were really many early Christianities. I adored Gnosticism to showing that the canon was political legitimacy more than holy writ born by Christ. Most people no longer know orthodox Christianity to understand Gnosticism.

    What amazed me when I first read Gnostic writings was that for the Christian ones so many of the stories and even sayings are the same as in what we refer to as canon. Yet these Christians who had just as much legitimacy saw these events in a very different light. It made me suspicious of believing in magical scripture. Despite The DaVinci Code controversy, most people believe Peter was the bishop of Rome and the Bible magically appeared at some point. I also find that what you can joke about in Manhattan can cause trouble in rural areas.

    My local priest pointed out, partly in my response to how dare any group of men define scripture for all time, that closing the canon forever gave a strong message that God no longer interacts with the world. God was present for a brief span of time in the first century and then disappeared to have Rome, the instrument of Christ's crucifixion, run his Church. Compared to when I was a Witness, I place much less emphasis on what is legitimate or even makes sense scripturally and much more on the experience of Christ in the present.

  • ProdigalSon
    ProdigalSon

    On which gospels are older, plus a few other bombshells, I just came across this from Pagel's The Gnostic Gospels (Introduction):

    What Muhammad ‘Ali discovered at Nag Hammadi, it soon became clear, were Coptic translations, made about 1,500 years ago, of still more ancient manuscripts. The originals themselves had been written in Greek, the language of the New Testament: as Doresse, Puech, and Quispel had recognized, part of one of them had been discovered by archeologists about fifty years earlier, when they found a few fragments of the original Greek version of the Gospel of Thomas. 8

    About the dating of the manuscripts themselves there is little debate. Examination of the datable papyrus used to thicken the leather bindings, and of the Coptic script, place them c. A.D. 350-400. 9 But scholars sharply disagree about the dating of the original texts. Some of them can hardly be later than c. A.D. 120-150, since Irenaeus, the orthodox Bishop of Lyons, writing c. 180, declares that heretics "boast that they possess more gospels than there really are," 10 and complains that in his time such writings already have won wide circulation—from Gaul through Rome, Greece, and Asia Minor.

    Quispel and his collaborators, who first published the Gospel of Thomas, suggested the date of c. A.D. 140 for the original. 11 Some reasoned that since these gospels were heretical, they must have been written later than the gospels of the New Testament, which are dated c. 60-110. But recently Professor Helmut Koester of Harvard University has suggested that the collection of sayings in the Gospel of Thomas, although compiled c. 140, may include some traditions even older than the gospels of the New Testament, "possibly as early as the second half of the first century" (50-100)— as early as, or earlier, than Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John. 12

    Scholars investigating the Nag Hammadi find discovered that some of the texts tell the origin of the human race in terms very different from the usual reading of Genesis: the Testimony of Truth, for example, tells the story of the Garden of Eden from the viewpoint of the serpent! Here the serpent, long known to appear in gnostic literature as the principle of divine wisdom, convinces Adam and Eve to partake of knowledge while "the Lord" threatens them with death, trying jealously to prevent them from attaining knowledge, and expelling them from Paradise when they achieve it. 13 Another text, mysteriously entitled the Thunder, Perfect Mind, offers an extraordinary poem spoken in the voice of a feminine divine power:

    For I am the first and the last.
    I am the honored one and the scorned one.
    I am the whore and the holy one.
    I am the wife and the virgin. . . .
    I am the barren one,
    and many are her sons. . . .
    I am the silence that is incomprehensible . . .
    I am the utterance of my name.14

    These diverse texts range, then, from secret gospels, poems, and quasi-philosophic descriptions of the origin of the universe, to myths, magic, and instructions for mystical practice.

    WHY WERE THESE TEXTS BURIED—and why have they remained virtually unknown for nearly 2,000 years?

    Their suppression as banned documents, and their burial on the cliff at Nag Hammadi, it turns out, were both part of a struggle critical for the formation of early Christianity. The Nag Hammadi texts, and others like them, which circulated at the beginning of the Christian era, were denounced as heresy by orthodox Christians in the middle of the second century. We have long known that many early followers of Christ were condemned by other Christians as heretics, but nearly all we knew about them came from what their opponents wrote attacking them. Bishop Irenaeus, who supervised the church in Lyons, c. 180, wrote five volumes, entitled The Destruction and Overthrow of Falsely So-called Knowledge, which begin with his promise to "set forth the views of those who are now teaching heresy . . . to show how absurd and inconsistent with the truth are their statements . . . I do this so that . . . you may urge all those with whom you are connected to avoid such an abyss of madness and of blasphemy against Christ." 15

    He denounces as especially "full of blasphemy" a famous gospel called the Gospel of Truth.16 Is Irenaeus referring to the same Gospel of Truth discovered at Nag Hammadi? Quispel and his collaborators,
    who first published the Gospel of Truth, argued that he is; one of their critics maintains that the opening line (which begins "The gospel of truth") is not a title.17 But Irenaeus does use the same source as at least one of the texts discovered at Nag Hammadi—the Apocryphon (Secret Book) of John—as ammunition for his own attack on such "heresy." Fifty years later Hippolytus, a teacher in Rome, wrote another massive Refutation of All Heresies to "expose and refute the wicked blasphemy of the heretics."18

    This campaign against heresy involved an involuntary admission of its persuasive power; yet the bishops prevailed. By the time of the Emperor Constantine's conversion, when Christianity became an
    officially approved religion in the fourth century, Christian bishops, previously victimized by the police, now commanded them. Possession of books denounced as heretical [was made a criminal offense. Copies of such books were burned and destroyed. But in Upper Egypt, someone, possibly a monk from a nearby monastery of St. Pachomius,19 took the banned books and hid them from destruction—in the jar where they remained buried for almost 1,600 years.

    ____________________________________________________

    8. See discussion by W. Schneemelcher in E. Hennecke, W. Schneemelcher, New
    Testament Apocrypha (transl. from Neutestamentliche Apocryphen), (Philadelphia, 1963),
    I, 97-113. Hereafter cited as NT APOCRYPHA. J. A. Fitzmyer, "The Oxyrhynchus
    Logoi of Jesus and the Coptic Gospel According to Thomas," in Essays on the
    Semitic Background of the New Testament (Missoula, 1974), 355—433.
    9. Robinson, Introduction, in NHL 13-18.
    10. Irenaeus, Libros Quinque Adversus Haereses 3.11.9. Hereafter cited as AH.
    11. M. Malanine, H.-Ch. Puech, G. Quispel, W. Till, R. McL. Wilson, Evangelium
    Veritatis (Zürich and Stuttgart, 1961), Introduction.
    12. H. Koester, Introduction to the Gospel of Thomas, NHL 117.
    13. Testimony of Truth 45:23-48:18, in NHL 411-412.
    14. Thunder, Perfect Mind 13:16-14:15, in NHL 271-272.
    15. Irenaeus, AH Praefatio.
    16. Irenaeus, AH 3.11.9.
    17. H. M. Schenke, Die Herkunft des sogennanten Evangelium Veritatis (Berlin, 1958;
    Göttingen, 1959).
    18. Hippolytus, Refutationis Omnium Haeresium 1. Hereafter cited as REF.
    19. See F. Wisse, "Gnosticism and Early Monasticism in Egypt," in Gnosis:
    Festschrift für Hans Jonas (Göttingen, 1978), 431-440.

Share this

Google+
Pinterest
Reddit