Our last occupation
Gas, chemicals, bombs: Britain has used them all before in Iraq
Jonathan Glancey
Saturday April 19, 2003
The Guardian
No one, least of all the British, should be surprised at the state
of anarchy in Iraq. We have been here before. We know the
territory, its long and miasmic history, the all-but-impossible
diplomatic balance to be struck between the cultures and ambitions
of Arabs, Kurds, Shia and Sunni, of Assyrians, Turks, Americans,
French, Russians and of our own desire to keep an economic and
strategic presence there.
Laid waste, a chaotic post-invasion Iraq may now well be policed by
old and new imperial masters promising liberty, democracy and
unwanted exiled leaders, in return for oil, trade and submission.
Only the last of these promises is certain. The peoples of Iraq,
even those who have cheered passing troops, have every reason to
mistrust foreign invaders. They have been lied to far too often,
bombed and slaughtered promiscuously.
The British responded with gas attacks by the army in the south,
bombing by the fledgling RAF in both north and south. When Iraqi
tribes stood up for themselves, we unleashed the flying dogs of war
to "police" them. Terror bombing, night bombing, heavy bombers,
delayed action bombs (particularly lethal against children) were
all developed during raids on mud, stone and reed villages during
Winston Churchill, secretary of state for war and air, estimated
that without the RAF, somewhere between 25,000 British and 80,000
Indian troops would be needed to control Iraq. Reliance on the
airforce promised to cut these numbers to just 4,000 and 10,000.
...Churchill was particularly keen on chemical weapons, suggesting
they be used "against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment". He
dismissed objections as "unreasonable". "I am strongly in favour of
using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes _ [to] spread a
lively terror _" In today's terms, "the Arab" needed to be shocked
and awed. A good gassing might well do the job.
...Conventional raids, however, proved to be an effective deterrent.
At the time of the Arab revolt in Palestine in the late 1930s, Air
Commodore Harris, as he then was, declared that "the only thing the
Arab understands is the heavy hand, and sooner or later it will
have to be applied". As in 1921, so in 2003.