Pretty interesting that most of us who know at least some of these words also admit we didn't learn them at all when under the dark shadows of the Watchtower. I know that I was truly ignorant.
Here are the first five words and their definitions. The first is probably the most important of all the words on the list.
1. Liturgy
If it were not for Jewish and Catholic/Orthodox liturgy, there would be no Bible--that is how important this word is.
The "liturgy" consists of the formal acts of worship of these religions, including their ritual and (most important of all) the materials they read and sang from. In Temple and later synagogue liturgy the worship sessions were based on a yearly calendar marking out the historical experiences of Israel, reading from ancient texts that described the events from what is now known as Torah and the other writings of the Hebrew Scriptures. Their official book of hymns and prayers were collected as the Psalms.
When Christians began their worship services, these were based on the only ones they knew, namely the Jewish synagogue service. Along with readings from the Hebrew Scriptures the Christians added readings from the apostles. Christians adopted the Jewish collection of Psalms as their official hymnal and prayer book.
When the question of settling the New Testament canon arose, Church authorities made their final call based on what the majority of churches read in liturgy. Judaism's Hebrew Bible is also developed from this model based on liturgy. If you ever wondered why the Bible doesn't have a detailed explanation of how to hold a worship service, it is because the canons grew out of the worship services themselves: liturgy.
To this day you can tell which religions are historically and legitimately connected to the past because they are "liturgical"--following a yearly or three year cycle in which to read the canon of texts in formal proclamation which acts as the theme for the service of the day. By the late 20th century this fact became so profoundly understood that most Protestant churches adapted the Roman Catholic liturgical reading cycle and calendar for holy days. To this day the official prayer book of Catholics is the Psalms, which are prayed daily on a rotating cycle of weeks by clergy and layperson alike.
Litrugy is responsible for the canon that the JWs cherish.
2. Exegesis
Everyone's got their interpretation of Scripture, right? But not everyone can supply "exegesis." That's because exegesis is a critical interpretation of Scripture, based on critical methods of analysis and examination. An exegesis of Scripture works much like a scientific theory. You can examine exegesis, test it, and see if it produces the same results to verify it. Like science theory exegesis is generally accepted critical Bible theory, validated and tested. The word seems to be getting around however and people on the Internet are beginning to apply it to all types of Bible and personal interpretation, but that isn't what true exegesis is.
The Watchtower doesn't employ critical methods or approves of their being subjected to them since it requires the step of independent validation. As such no exegesis comes from the religion of the JWs.
3. Psalter
As mentioned above, the official hymns and prayers of both Judaism and liturgical Christianity are the Psalms. As such they often get printed alone in a collection designed for prayer and chanting use, known as "Psalters." They generally contain a liturgical calendar (what day to pray, sing or chant a particular psalm), as well as contain material such as lists and stories of saints. Psalters ancient and modern confirm the canonization of the psalms and help in assuring accuracy in translation.
Of course the religion of the JWs does not employ a Psalter. They read the Psalms as if they are dry texts meant to be examined and use a "song book" of non-inspired songs. It is also against Watchtower rules to use and repeat written prayers in JW worship even though this is how the Psalms have been employed for centuries.
4. Doublet
The Watchtower often states that it is an ancient Hebrew technique to write a story and then repeat it again. This is, like so much they teach, very wrong.
Ever wonder why there are two creation stories or why one story of Noah has him bring pairs of animals into the ark and another has him bringing seven pairs each of every species? What you are reading is called a "doublet."
Doublets are signs that the Bible books were composed of various traditions, sometimes conflicting ones, and that redactors of the text could not decide which was the true one. So both were placed side-by-side in the narrative flow. There are even "triplets" and "quadruplets" in some texts. Scholars see in these the editorial process that shaped the Bible.
Unlike the JWs who claim this is "just the way the ancient Hebrew wrote," it is actually more telling that the ancients wrote in a linear and logical fashion and were so respectful of their traditional heritage that they dare not exclude stories on the basis of contradictory details. So eventually all stories found their way beside other traditions. This even shows that it is very likely that the authors and editors didn't see the material as a literal narrative, otherwise they would never have allowed doublets.
5. Shem Ha-M'forash
Also known as the Shem Ha-Meyuhad, the Shem Ha-M'forash is the Jewish expression for what you proabably know as...the Tetragrammaton.