Genesis - Is Moses the Author?

by Thirdson 6 Replies latest jw friends

  • Thirdson
    Thirdson

    I have in previous posts alluded to Genesis being compiled from different sources. Theories about a multi-source origin go back as least as far as 1711. Some scholars subscribe to the idea that the Torah is made up from four different sources. To illustrate the point examine the following account from Genesis. It is not my work but is taken the book Who Wrote the Bible? by Richard Elliot Friedman. If the text is familiar it is because I have rewritten his work (Pages 54-59) and substituted passages from the NWT. See if this account tells a story and makes sense. (Another post will follow)

    6 Consequently, Jehovah saw that the badness of man was abundant in the earth and every inclination of the thoughts of his heart was only bad all the time. And Jehovah felt regrets that he had made men in the earth, and he felt hurt at his heart. So Jehovah said: “I am going to wipe men whom I have created off the surface of the ground, from man to domestic animal, to moving animal and to flying creature of the heavens, because I do regret that I have made them.” But Noah found favor in the eyes of Jehovah.

    7 After that Jehovah said to Noah: “Go, you and all your household, into the ark, because you are the one I have seen to be righteous before me among this generation. Of every clean beast you must take to yourself by sevens, the sire and its mate; and of every beast that is not clean just two, the sire and its mate; also of the flying creatures of the heavens by sevens, male and female, to preserve offspring alive on the surface of the entire earth. For in just seven days more I am making it rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and I will wipe every existing thing that I have made off the surface of the ground.” And Noah proceeded to do according to all that Jehovah had commanded him. So Noah went in, and his sons and his wife and his sons’ wives with him, into the ark ahead of the waters of the deluge. After that Jehovah shut the door behind him. And seven days later it turned out that the waters of the deluge came upon the earth. And the downpour upon the earth went on for forty days and forty nights. And the deluge went on for forty days upon the earth, and the waters kept increasing and began carrying the ark and it was floating high above the earth. And the waters became overwhelming and kept increasing greatly upon the earth, but the ark kept going on the surface of the waters. And the waters overwhelmed the earth so greatly that all the tall mountains that were under the whole heavens came to be covered. Up to fifteen cubits the waters overwhelmed them and the mountains became covered. Everything in which the breath of the force of life was active in its nostrils, namely, all that were on the dry ground, died. Thus he wiped out every existing thing that was on the surface of the ground, from man to beast, to moving animal and to flying creature of the heavens, and they were wiped off the earth; and only Noah and those who were with him in the ark kept on surviving.

    8 So it occurred that at the end of forty days Noah proceeded to open the window of the ark that he had made. Later he sent out from him a dove to see whether the waters had abated from the surface of the ground. And the dove did not find any resting-place for the sole of its foot, and so it returned to him into the ark because the waters were yet upon the surface of the whole earth. At that he put his hand out and took it and brought it to himself inside the ark. And he went on waiting still another seven days, and once again he sent out the dove from the ark. Later on the dove came to him about the time of evening and, look! there was an olive leaf freshly plucked in its bill, and so Noah got to know that the waters had abated from the earth. And he went on waiting still another seven days. Then he sent out the dove, but it did not come back again to him anymore. And Noah proceeded to remove the covering of the ark and to look, and here the surface of the ground had drained dry. And Noah began to build an altar to Jehovah and to take some of all the clean beasts and of all the clean flying creatures and to offer burnt offerings upon the altar. And Jehovah began to smell a restful odor, and so Jehovah said in his heart: “Never again shall I call down evil upon the ground on man’s account, because the inclination of the heart of man is bad from his youth up; and never again shall I deal every living thing a blow just as I have done. For all the days the earth continues, seed sowing and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, will never cease.”

  • Thirdson
    Thirdson

    Here is the second version of the account. Does this tell a story and make sense?

    6 This is the history of Noah. Noah was a righteous man. He proved himself faultless among his contemporaries. Noah walked with the [true] God. In time Noah became father to three sons, Shem, Ham and Ja'pheth. And the earth came to be ruined in the sight of the [true] God and the earth became filled with violence. So God saw the earth and, look! it was ruined, because all flesh had ruined its way on the earth. After that God said to Noah: “The end of all flesh has come before me, because the earth is full of violence as a result of them; and here I am bringing them to ruin together with the earth. Make for yourself an ark out of wood of a resinous tree. You will make compartments in the ark, and you must cover it inside and outside with tar. And this is how you will make it: three hundred cubits the length of the ark, fifty cubits its width, and thirty cubits its height. You will make a tso'har [roof; or, window] for the ark, and you will complete it to the extent of a cubit upward, and the entrance of the ark you will put in its side; you will make it with a lower [story], a second [story] and a third [story]. “And as for me, here I am bringing the deluge of waters upon the earth to bring to ruin all flesh in which the force of life is active from under the heavens. Everything that is in the earth will expire. And I do establish my covenant with you; and you must go into the ark, you and your sons and your wife and your sons’ wives with you. And of every living creature of every sort of flesh, two of each, you will bring into the ark to preserve them alive with you. Male and female they will be. Of the flying creatures according to their kinds and of the domestic animals according to their kinds, of all moving animals of the ground according to their kinds, two of each will go in there to you to preserve them alive. And as for you, take for yourself every sort of food that is eaten; and you must gather it to yourself, and it must serve as food for you and for them.” And Noah proceeded to do according to all that God had commanded him. He did just so.

    7 And Noah was six hundred years old when the deluge of waters occurred on the earth. Of every clean beast and of every beast that is not clean and of the flying creatures and everything that moves on the ground, they went in by twos to Noah inside the ark, male and female, just as God had commanded Noah. In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on this day all the springs of the vast watery deep were broken open and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. On this very day Noah went in, and Shem and Ham and Ja'pheth, Noah’s sons, and the wife of Noah and the three wives of his sons with him, into the ark; they and every wild beast according to its kind, and every domestic animal according to its kind, and every moving animal that moves on the earth according to its kind, and every flying creature according to its kind, every bird, every winged creature. And they kept going to Noah inside the ark, two by two, of every sort of flesh in which the force of life was active. And those going in, male and female of every sort of flesh, went in, just as God had commanded him. So all flesh that was moving upon the earth expired, among the flying creatures and among the domestic animals and among the wild beasts and among all the swarms that were swarming upon the earth, and all mankind. And the waters continued overwhelming the earth a hundred and fifty days.

    8 After that God remembered Noah and every wild beast and every domestic animal that was with him in the ark, and God caused a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters began to subside. And the springs of the watery deep and the floodgates of the heavens became stopped up, and so the downpour from the heavens was restrained. And the waters began receding from off the earth, progressively receding; and at the end of a hundred and fifty days the waters were lacking. And in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ar'a•rat. And the waters kept on progressively lessening until the tenth month. In the tenth month, on the first of the month, the tops of the mountains appeared. After that he sent out a raven, and it continued flying outdoors, going and returning, until the waters dried off the earth. Now in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first day of the month, it came about that the waters had drained from off the earth; And in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth had dried off. God now spoke to Noah, saying: “Go out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and your sons’ wives with you. Every living creature that is with you of every sort of flesh, among the flying creatures and among the beasts and among all the moving animals that move upon the earth, bring out with you, as they must swarm in the earth and be fruitful and become many upon the earth.”
    At that Noah went out, and also his sons and his wife and his sons’ wives with him. Every living creature, every moving animal and every flying creature, everything that moves on the earth, according to their families they went out of the ark.

    Again the text is from the NWT. What is surprising and makes this theory compelling is that there are two separate stories woven together. The first one from the 'J' source (for Yahweh/Jehovah) uses the divine name for God. The second one uses the Hebrew Elohim for God and is from the 'P' source (from Priests). The two stories differ in more than terminology, some details are different and even God's nature is different.

    It is an interesting exercise and the theory works well with this account. Did Moses write this? If he did Moses was not the character who lived circa 1200-1500 BCE.

    Thirdson

  • GWEEDO
    GWEEDO

    there's 3 different versions of the 10 commandments too. 2 in exodus and 1 in deut? So if Moses wrote the Torah, then he was a pretty confused fella...

  • GinnyTosken
    GinnyTosken

    On the site below, you can see a comparison of the J source and P source side-by-side:

    "The Flood Story in J and P: An Example of the Documentary Hypothesis"
    http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/Judaism/jp-flood.html

    Also, here is an excerpt from In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis by Karen Armstrong.

    The Flood

    In several Near Eastern epics, the creation of the world was followed by a great flood which destroyed the entire population, with the exception of a few divinely favored individuals. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Flood was seen as a turning point in history; it was the moment when the gods and humanity decided to go their separate ways. Before the Flood, the gods had been enraged by the noise made by human beings, which disturbed their slumbers. For this entirely frivolous reason they decided to destroy the world, though one of the gods arranged for his favorite man, Utnapishtim, to be spared. Yet when they saw the horrifying devastation of the Flood which they had unleashed upon the world, the gods were ashamed. Henceforth, by common consent, gods and mortals parted company. It was clearly dangerous and undesirable for divine beings to meddle in mundane affairs. The gods would have no more direct contact with human beings; instead, men and women would concentrate on building their own civilizations here on earth.

    The biblical writers, however, believed that the radical break with heaven occurred when Adam and Eve were banished from Eden, so J and P (whose versions have been merged by the editors) had a rather different perception of the Flood. They both blame human beings for the deluge. It was not God's fault. He "saw that the wickedness of humankind was great in the earth, and that every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was only evil continually" (6:5). It was a complete reversal of the creation story, when God had declared that the whole earth was good. Now, P tells us, when God looked upon the earth, it "was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted its ways upon the earth" (6:12). He therefore resolved to destroy the world, sparing only Noah, who was "a righteous man, blameless in his generation" (6:9). Accordingly, the springs of the primal Ocean were opened and watery chaos was allowed to resume control:

    Everything on dry land in whose nostrils was the breath of life died. He blotted out every living thing that was on the face of the ground, human beings and animals and creeping things and birds of the air; they were blotted out from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those that were with him in the ark. (7:22-23)
    It is a shocking moment; nothing has prepared us for this merciless divine violence. We have seen that human beings are sinful, but we have also seen the pathos of the human condition. Indeed, it has appeared that the conflict in the human heart is at least in part attributable to the Creator. Now as we watch the Creator God becoming a Destroyer, it is hard to feel that the deity of the Flood is anything but evil.

    The biblical authors insist that God is not to blame. J tries to emphasize Yahweh's pain: he "was sorry that he had made humankind on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart" (6:6). It is another blow to the serene image of the God depicted in Chapter 1, who could never have changed his mind in this way. At best, the God of the Flood can be seen to behave like a petulant child who is tired of the castle he has created with his building blocks and knocks it down. At worst, he appears like those tyrants and dictators in our own century who have assumed godlike powers and have attempted to purge the world of what they regard as evil. Yet by the end of the story, this seemingly immature and cruel God has changed. We will see that he has to learn to accept the "evil inclination" that he created in the hearts of human beings.

    In an earlier version of the flood myth, this petulant god was punished:

    As long ago as 1872, George Smith translated the Twelve Tablets of Creation from Ashurbanipal's library, and discovered the earlier version of the flood myth. Among the details that religious orthodoxy took care to suppress was the point that the god who caused the flood was disobedient to the Great Mother, who didn't want her earthly children drowned. Mother Ishtar severely punished the disobedient god by cursing him with her "great lightnings." She set her magic rainbow in the heavens to block his access to offerings on earthly altars, "since rashly he caused the flood-storm, and handed over my people to destruction."

    from The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets by Barbara J. Walker

    Ginny
  • Simon
    Simon

    Well if he was the author, I want to know how he wrote the bit about how he died and was buried!

  • Pancho
    Pancho

    This could be of interest to you.

    I hope this works

    http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_wheless/

    . http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_wheless/

    -pancho

    "Lies of the meshuggah prophets" - Joseph Wheless

  • bj
    bj

    According to Bible scholar, Israël Finkelstein,(University of Tel Aviv) Moses couldn't be the author (if he really ever existed) because the fact that Genesis mention "Camels" of burden as means of transport is an anachronism. No archaeological proof exist before 1000 BCE. Also he continue pointing that "Ur of the Chaldeans" is another evidence as the Chaldeans appeared in Mesopotamia many years later.
    (see NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, December 2001, pp.74-75)

    Joe

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