Yes spike, thanks for the grammatical corrections, sometimes my portuguese upbringing manifests itself, LOL
Does the name Jehovah actually exist in the original Hebrew language?
by Yizuman 105 Replies latest watchtower beliefs
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Spike Tassel
Welcome to the school of improving English, on JWN
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QuestForThruth
YHWH and the “ah” / “eh” Argument
Some say that Hebrew words ending with an “ah” sound are feminine (i.e. Sarah, Rebecca) and that the “eh” is masculine. This argument is used against YHWH being pronounced Yahuwah. It is said that Yahweh is correct because of its “masculine” termination. Indeed, many Hebrew words with the “ah” termination are considered feminine. However this argument fails when one examines Hebrew proper names. YHWH is a proper Name that was revealed to Hebrews and recorded phonetically in Hebrew.
Yahweh is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Yahuwah. Notice only a few of the names below are feminine, the majority are masculine. It is common for Greeks to translate Hebrew names ending in “ah” to an “eh” because it is easier for them to pronounce. (See study entitled, Four Vowels) Here are a few other examples found in the KJV and many examples from other translations based on the Greek:
KJV Hebrew Name... Greek Based KJV
Oshea/Hosea Num. 13:16 / Hosea 1:1 Osee - Romans 9:25
Joshah 1 Chronicles 4:34 Jose - Luke 3:29
Judah Genesis 29:35 Jude - NT Book
Korah Numbers 16:1 Core - Jude 11
Noah Genesis 6:29 Noe - Matthew 24:37
Nogah 1 Chronicles 3:7 Nogge - Luke 3:25
Names in KJV Other Greek Based Translations
Abishua 1 Chronicles 8:4 Abisue - Catholic Douay
Adna Ezra 10:30 Edne - Septuagint
Ahira Numbers 1:15 Aehire - Septuagint
Ahoah 1 Chronicles 8:4 Ahoe - Catholic Douay
Ajah Genesis 36:24 Aie - Septuagint
Arah 1 Chronicles 7:39 Aree - Catholic Douay
Arbah Genesis 35:27 Arbee - Catholic Douay
Bathsheba 2 Samuel 11:3 Bethsabee - Catholic Douay
Betah 2 Samuel 8:8 Bete - Catholic Douay
Careah 2 Kings 25:23 Caree - Catholic Douay
Chavah Genesis 3:20 margin Eve - common misuse
Elisha 1 Kings 19:16 Elisaie - Septuagint
Elishua 2 Samuel 5:15 Elishue - Septuagint
Gaba Joshua 18:24 Gabee - Catholic Douay
Gilboa 1 Samuel 28:4 Gelboe - Catholic Douay
Gomorrah Genesis 19:24 Gomorrhe - 2 Esdras 2:8 *
Halah 2 Kings 17:6 Alae - Septuagint
Hammedatha Esther 3:1 Amadathes - Septuagint
Hashubah 1 Chronicles 3:20 Asube - Septuagint
Hophra Jeremiah 44:30 Ephree - Catholic Douay
Janohah Joshua 16:6 Janoe - Catholic Douay
Jehodiada 2 Samuel 8:18 Jodae - Septuagint
Jehosheba 2 Kings 11:2 Josebee - Septuagint
Jehpthah Judges 11:1 Jephte - Catholic Douay
Jerah 1 Chronicles 1:20 Jare - Catholic Douay
Jeremiah 2 Chronicles 36:21 Ieremie - 2 Maccabees 2:5 *
Names in KJV Greek Based Translation
Jimnah Genesis 46:17 Jamne - Catholic Douay
Joppa Ezra 3:7 Joppe - Catholic Douay
Joshua Exodus 17:9 Joshue - Catholic Douay
Kareah Jeremiah 40:8 Caree - Catholic Douay
Malchishua 1 Chronicles 8:33 Melchisue - Catholic Douay
Massa Genesis 25:14 Masse - Septuagint
Mizzah Genesis 36:13 Moze - Septuagint
Neziah Ezra 2:54 Nasthie - Septuagint
Nobah Numbers 32:42 Nobe - Catholic Douay
Nophah Numbers 21:30 Nophe - Catholic Douay
Paruah 1 Kings 4:17 Pharue - Catholic Douay
Paseah 1 Chronicles 4:12 Phesse - Catholic Douay
Pekah 2 Kings 15:25 Phakee - Septuagint
Poti-pherah Genesis 41:45 Patiphare - Catholic Douay
Reba Numbers 31:8 Rebe - Catholic Douay
Rephah 1 Chronicles 7:25 Raphe - Septuagint
Salah Genesis 10:24 Sale - Catholic Douay
Shammah Genesis 36:13 Some - Septuagint
Sheba 2 Samuel 20:1 Sabee - Septuagint
Shua 1 Chronicles 2:3 Sue - Catholic Douay
Tarah Numbers 33:27 Thare - Catholic Douay
Tebah Genesis 22:24 Tabee - Catholic Douay
Tekoa 1 Chronicles 2:24 Thecoe - Septuagint
Telah 1 Chronicles 7:25 Thale - Catholic Douay
Terah Genesis 11:24 Thare - Catholic Douay
Tobiah Ezra 2:60 Tobie - 1 Maccabees 5:13 *
Zanoah Joshua 15:34 Zanoe - Catholic Douay
Zebah Judges 8:5 Zebee - Catholic Douay
Zechariah OT Book Zacharie - 2 Esdras 1:40 *
Zerah 2 Chronicles 14:9 Zare - Septuagint
Zia 1 Chronicles 5:13 Zie - Catholic Douay
* Apocrypha
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Other Historic Sources Greek Sources
Yaua - Assyrians Iaoue - Clement of Alexandria
Ioua - Sabbath keepers on Island of Iona, 7th Century. Iabe - Theodoret & Epiphanius
Yuah / Y’wa - Karens of Burma, [Encyc. Britannica] Iae - Origen
Iowa / Yowa - American Indians, especially Cherokee Jove - Homer
Yava - Arizona Indians Jave - Ante Nicene fathers
Yohouah - Raymundus Martini (1278)
Iova - Romans
Iohoua - Porchetus (1303)
Iehovah - Peter Galatin (1518)
Ya Huwa - Arabs
Yah Wah - Adairs History of the American Indians, p. 218
Yo He Wah - Adairs History of the American Indians, p. 218Syriac Peshitta Bible= Yaua
Is His Name based on the Hebrew or Greek language?French Jerusalem Bible 1974
Azaryahu=Azariah
Benayahu=Benaiah
ect
Hebrew Names in the Bible Ending in “-yo”, “-yah”, or “-yahu-” (= “-iah” or “-jah” in KJV)
Abia (= Abijah)
Abiah (= Abijah)
Abijah, 'Abiyah [“Yahweh is (my) father”; Strong’s #29]
Adaiah, `Adayah [“Yahweh has adorned Himself”; Strong’s #5718]
Adonijah, 'Adoniyah [“My lord is Yahweh”; Strong’s #138]
Ahaziah, 'Achazyah [“Yahweh holds”; Strong’s #274]
Ahiah (= Ahijah)
Ahijah, 'Achiyah [“Brother of Yahweh”; Strong’s #281]
Amariah, 'Amaryah [“Yahweh speaks/has said” or “Yah(u) has promised”; S’s #568]
Amaziah, 'Amatsyah [“Yahweh is mighty”; Strong’s #558]
Anaiah, `Anayah [“Yahweh has answered”; Strong’s #6043]
Asahiah (= Asaiah)
Asaiah, `Asayah [“Made by Yahweh”; Strong’s #6222]
Athaiah, `Athayah [“Yahweh has helped”; Strong’s #6265]
Athaliah, `Athalyah [“Afflicted of Yahweh”; Strong’s #6271]
Azariah [“Yahweh is my help”; Strong’s #5838]
Azaziah, `Azazyahuw [“Yahweh is mighty”; Strong’s #5812]
Bedeiah [“Servant of Yahweh”; Strong’s #912 (prob. a short form of #5662)]
Benaiah [“Yahweh has built” or “Yahweh has built up”; Strong’s #1141]
Berachiah (= Berechiah)
Beraiah [“Yahweh has created”; Strong’s #1256]
Berechiah, Berekyah [“Yahweh blesses”; Strong’s #1296]
Bithiah, Bithyah [“Daughter of Yahweh”; Strong’s #1332]
Bukkiah, Buqqiyah [“Yahweh has emptied”; Strong’s #1232]
Conaniah (= Cononiah)
Cononiah, Kownanyahuw [“Yahweh has established”; Strong’s #3562]
Dalaiah (= Delaiah)
Delaiah [“Yahweh has drawn”; Strong’s #1806]
Eliah (= Elijah)
Elijah, 'Eliyah [“My God is Yahweh” or “Yahweh is God”; Strong’s #452]
Gedaliah [“Yahweh is great”; Strong’s #1436]
Gemariah [“Yahweh has accomplished”; Strong’s #1587]
Habaiah, Chabayah [“Yahweh has hidden”; Strong’s #2252]
Habaziniah, Chabatstsanyah [“Light of Yahweh”; Strong’s #2262]
Hachaliah, Chakalyah [“Whom Yahweh enlightens”; Strong’s #2446]
Haggiah, Chaggiyah [“Festival of Yahweh”; Strong’s #2293]
Hananiah [“Yahweh has favored” or “Gift of Yahweh”; Strong’s #2068]
Harhaiah, Charhayah [“Fear of Yahweh”; Strong’s #2736]
Hasadiah, Chacadyah [“Yahweh has been faithful”; Strong’s #2619]
Hashabiah, Chashabyah [“Yahweh has considered”; Strong’s #2811]
Hashabniah [“Whom Yahweh regards”; Strong’s #2813]
Hazaiah, Chazayah [“Yahweh has seen”; Strong’s #2382]
Hezekiah, Hizqiyah [“Yahweh has made strong” or “Yahweh strengthens”; S’s #3169]
Hilkiah, Chilqiyah [“My portion is Yahweh”; Strong’s #2518]
Hodaiah [“Praise ye Yahweh”; Strong’s #1939]
Hodaviah, Howdavyah [“Praise ye Yahweh”; Strong’s #1938]
Hodijah, Howdiyah [“My majesty is Yahweh”; Strong’s #1941]
Hoshaiah, Howsha`yah [“Yahweh has saved”; Strong’s #1955]
Igdaliah [“Yahweh is great”; Strong’s # 3012]
Irijah, Yir'iyah [“Yahweh sees me”; Strong’s #3376]
Isaiah, Yesha’yahu [“Yahweh is salvation” or “Yahweh saves/has saved”; S’s #3470]
Ishiah [“Yahweh will lend”; Strong’s #3449]
Ishijah (= Ishiah)
Ismachiah, Yicmakyahuw [“Yahweh sustains”; Strong’s #3253]
Ishmaiah [“Yahweh will hear”; Strong’s #3460]
Ismaiah (= Ishmaiah)
Isshiah (= Ishiah)
Izrahiah [“Yahweh will shine”; Strong’s #3156]
Jaazaniah, Ya'azanyah [“Yahweh hears”; Strong’s #2970]
Jahaziah [“Yahweh views”; Strong’s #3167]
Jeberechiah [“Yahweh blesses”; Strong’s # 3000]
Jecamiah (= Jekamiah)
Jeconiah [“Yahweh will establish”; Strong’s #3204]
Jedaiah (a) [“Praised of Yahweh”; Strong’s # 3042 (#3034 + #3050)]
Jedaiah (b) [“Yahweh has known”; Strong’s # 3048 (#3045 + #3050)]
Jedidiah [“Beloved of Yahweh”; Strong’s #3041]
Jehdeiah [“Yahweh is unity”; Strong’s #3165]
Jehiah [“Yahweh lives”; Strong’s #3174]
Jehizkiah (= Hezikiah)
Jekamiah [“Yahweh raises”; Strong’s #3359]
Jeremiah, Yirmeyahu [“Whom Yahweh has appointed” or “Yahweh lifts up”; S’s #3414]
Jeriah [“Taught by Yahweh”; Strong’s #3404]
Jerijah (= Jeriah)
Jesaiah (= Isaiah)
Jeshaiah (= Isaiah)
Jeshohaiah [“Yahweh humbles”; Strong’s #3439]
Jesiah (= Ishiah)
Jezaniah [“Yahweh has listened”; Strong’s #3153]
Jeziah [“Yahweh sprinkles”; Strong’s #3150]
Jezrahiah (= Izrahiah)
Josiah, Y'ash-yahu [“Whom Yahweh heals” or “Yahweh supports”; Strong’s #2977]
Josibiah, Yowshibyah [“Yahweh causes to dwell”; Strong’s #3143]
Josiphiah [“Yahweh adds”; Strong’s #3131]
Kelaiah, Qelayah [“Yahweh has dishonoured”; Strong’s #7041]
Kolaiah, Qowlayah [“Voice of Yahweh”; Strong’s #6964]
Kushaiah, Quwshayahuw [“Bow of Yahweh”; Strong’s #6984]
Maaseiah, Ma`aseyah [“Work of Yahweh”; Strong’s #4641]
Maaziah, Ma`azyah [“Consolation of Yahweh”; Strong’s #4590]
Malchiah, Malkiyah [“My king is Yahweh”; Strong’s #4441]
Malchijah (= Malchiah)
Mattaniah, Mattanyah [“Gift of Yahweh”; Strong’s #4983]
Mattithiah, Mattithyah [“Gift of Yahweh”; Strong’s #4993]
Melchiah (= Malchiah)
Meshelemiah [“Who Yahweh repays”; Strong’s #4920]
Micaiah [“Who is like God”; Strong’s #4321]
Michah (= Micaiah)
Michaiah (= Micaiah)
Mikneiah, Miqneyahuw [“Possession of Yahweh”; Strong’s #4737]
Moriah, Moriyah [“Chosen by Yahweh” or “Seen of Yahweh”; Strong’s #4179]
Neariah, Ne`aryah [“Servant of Yahweh”; Strong’s #5294]
Nedabiah [“Whom Yahweh impels”; Strong’s #5072]
Nehemiah [“Yahweh comforts”or “Comforted by Yahweh”; Strong’s #5166]
Neriah, Neriyah [“Lamp of Yahweh”; Strong’s #5374; 1st occ.: Jer. 32:12]
Nethaniah [“Given of Yahweh”; Strong’s #5418]
Noadiah, Now`adyah [“Meeting with Yahweh”; Strong’s #5129]
Obadiah, Obadyah [“Servant of Yahweh” or “Worshiper of Yahweh”; Strong’s #5662]
Pedaiah [“Yahweh has ransomed”; Strong’s #6305]
Pekahiah [“Yahweh sees”; Strong’s #6494]
Pelaiah [“Yahweh does wonders”; Strong’s #6411]
Pelatiah [“Yahweh delivers”; Strong’s #6410]
Pethahiah [“Freed by Yahweh”; Strong’s #6611]
Ramiah, Ramyah [“Yahweh has loosened”; Strong’s #7422]
Reaia (= Reaiah)
Reaiah [“Yahweh has seen”; Strong’s #7211]
Rehabiah [“Yahweh has enlarged”; Strong’s #7345]
Reelaiah [“Bearer of Yahweh”; Strong’s #7480]
Rephaiah [“Healed of Yahweh”: Strong’s #7509]
Semachiah [“Yahweh has sustained”; Strong’s #5565]
Seraiah [“Yahweh is ruler”; Strong’s #8304]
Shamariah (= Shemariah)
Sheariah [“Valued by Yahweh”; Strong’s #8187]
Shebaniah [“Increased by Yahweh”; Strong’s #7645]
Shecaniah (=Shechaniah)
Shechaniah [“Dweller with Yahweh”; Strong’s #7935]
Shelemiah, Shelemyah [“Repaid by Yahweh”; Strong’s #8018]
Shemaiah [“Heard by Yahweh”; Strong’s #8098]
Shemariah [“Kept by Yahweh”; Strong’s #8114]
Shephatiah [“Yahweh has judged”; Strong’s #8203]
Sherebiah, Sherebyah [“Yahweh has scorched”; Strong’s #8274]
Tobadonijah [“My Lord Yahweh is good”; Strong’s #2899]
Tobiah [“Yahweh is good”; Strong’s #2900]
Tobijah (= Tobiah)
Uriah, Uriyah [“Yahweh is my light” or “Yahweh is my flame”; Strong’s #223]
Urijah (= Uriah)
Uzziah, `Uzziyah [“My strength is Yahweh”; Strong’s #5818]
Zebadiah [“Endowment of Yahweh”; Strong’s #2069]
Zechariah, Zecharyah [“Yahweh remembers” or “Remembrance of Yahweh”; S’s #2148]
Zedekiah, Tsidqiyah [“Yahweh is righteous” or “Justice of Yahweh”; Strong’s #6667]
Zephaniah, Tsephanyah [“Yahweh has treasured” or “Yahweh protects”; Strong’s #6846]
Zerahiah [“Yahweh has risen”; Strong’s #2228]
Zidkijah (= Zedekiah)Jehu, Yehuw’ [“Yahweh is He”; Strong’s # 3058]
Jehucal [“Yahweh is able”; Strong’s # 3081]
Jucal [“Yahweh is able”; Strong’s #3116 (a form of Strong’s #3081)]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh
Yahu" or "Y e hu" is a common short form for "Yahweh" in Hebrew theophoric names; as a prefix it sometimes appears as "Y e ho-". This has caused two opinions:
- In former times (at least from c.1650 AD), that it was abbreviated from the supposed pronunciation "Yehowah", rather than "Yahweh" which contains no 'o'- or 'u'-type vowel sound in the middle.
- [4] Recently, that, as "Yahweh" is likely an imperfective verb form, "Yahu" is its corresponding preterite or jussive short form: compare yist a hawe h (imperfective), yistáhû (preterit or jussive short form) = "do obeisance".
- Smith’s 1863 A Dictionary of the Bible says that "Yahweh" is possible because shortening to "Yahw" would end up as "Yahu" or similar.
Yahuweh or Yahuwah ?
http://www.scribd.com/doc/8564953/A-CITY-WITH-a-divine-name-AND-WHO-IS-YEHU
http://www.yahwehskingdom.com/Yahusha.html
http://yahweh.org/publications/sny/sn09Chap.pdf
One thing for sur, the hebrew/Greek scholar have make that an headache
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rocketman
If you're a JW, try using the term Yahweh in talks and/or everyday speech, and see how quickly you are counseled by elders not to do so.
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Spook
I think it came from the sumerian Yaw in pagan origins.
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Leolaia
Yahu" or "Y e hu" is a common short form for "Yahweh" in Hebrew theophoric names; as a prefix it sometimes appears as "Y e ho-". This has caused two opinions: In former times (at least from c.1650 AD), that it was abbreviated from the supposed pronunciation "Yehowah", rather than "Yahweh" which contains no 'o'- or 'u'-type vowel sound in the middle.
This is quite confused. The 'o' vowel in "Yehowah" arises from a holam pointing (expressed via niqqud) whereas the 'o' or 'u' in "Yahu-" or "Y e ho-" derives from a vocalic waw (expressed via mater lectionis), i.e. yhw-. In short, the corresponence is as follows: Yahu- = Yehowah. The "o" in the all the Jeho- names is not identical with the "o" in Yehowah/Jehovah.
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JoJoJones
I told my JW sister that I don't feel comfortable with calling God Jehovah. To me, personally, it feels disrespectful to call God Jehovah. It feels disrespectful, as it would feel to address my parents by their first names, rather than mom and dad, or mother and father. They have both passed away, but if they were alive I could never call them by their personal names. It wouldn't feel right. And I know that Jesus called God His Father, as in the prayer He shared with the apostles, "Our Father, who art in heaven"..... He didn't refer to Him as Jehovah, but as Father. That is how I personally view God, as our Heavenly Father. I know that people are disagreeing with each other here, are not always in tune with each other, but that is a poor basis, at least I think, for people to call each other names, to get hostile with each other. Agreeing to disagree is an option to that. A peaceful option that doesn't hurt anyone. I don't know myself what is the correct way to say God's name, but I wouldn't call Him His name in prayer, because I would feel that I am not showing Him true honor, respect, and worship by doing so. This is where I stand on the issue, anyway. I am not looking for a confrontation; I just wanted to express my two cents worth. Thanks.
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PSacramento
I call God Father because that was what Jesus told us to do, good enough for me.
I never use the term Jehovah when referring to God because it is NOT his name, it isn't even a good aproximation of it.
Best to refer to God as Adonai or Elohim if you wanna be "biblical".
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Frank4YAHWEH
When my earthly father and my mother were alive I called them mom and dad and also refered to them when speaking to others as my father and my mother, but this did not manifest (make Known) to them who my father and mother were until I mentioned their names. The purpose of names is to distinguish one from another. Yahshua in communication ("prayer") with his and our Father Yahweh Who is in Heaven said "I have manifest (made known) Your Name to the men that you gave me out of the world ..." (Yahchanan [John] 17:6). Note that Father Yahweh revealed His Name to Moshe after he had asked Him what he should tell the Children of Ysryl if they asked "What is His Name?" (Exodus 3:13). Yahweh also instructed Moshe to tell the Children of Ysryl to remember Him by the Name Yahweh from generation to genearation. We are instructed in Scripture which is the inspired word of Yahweh to call on the Name Yahweh and make mention of His Name.
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Terry
1.We use a NAME to distinguish one entity from another to avoid confusion.
2.If there is only ONE of something it is one of a kind. Elivis is Elvis and those who pretend to be him are impersonators. Those who pretend to be Jesus are false or pseudo-christs. The Anti-Christ, for example , is just an early way of saying Elvis Impersonator :)
3.The idea of god (el) as opposed to gods(el-ohim) and such leads to regional proprietary deity naming. A Local Lord (Baal) needs to be distinguished from the neighboring enemy's Lord (Adonai) or you might piss him/her/it off.
4.Fear of pissing off a local deity by damaging the reputation of the deity leads to all sorts of superstious cautions. These superstious cautions are Rituals. Kind of like approaching a strange dog for the first time. Cautionary Ritual often becomes (eventually) formal religion.
5.Israel's deity was no exception. Do you risk defaming your all-powerful deity by misusing the spoken word? This is a special crime of BLASPHEMY and carries a harsh penalty. If you speak a NAME you represent a closeness, familiarity and relationship with the personage represented by that name.
We don't say, "Hi Barack; we say "Hello Mr.President." This is respect more than fear, but, the principle is the same. We do not PRESUME in the presence of a greater power.
6.Invoking the name of a Diety for calling down special favors is dangerous as well. When you bless or curse others with the power of your deity behind your words the risk is getting your ass kicked (which will reflect badly on the power of your deity and the reputation of that deity.)
7.Israel suffered defeats at the hands of its enemies although they represented a special relationship with a specific deity. (yhwh) Damage control required a strong reason be given which would NOT reflect badly on that deity. The popular excuse was that they themselves were BAD and were being punished (wink wink: our Deity is powerful, you see!) by the deity (yhwh)by being allowed to experience defeat at the hands of enemies.
8. The mythos of Israel became a pattern vis a vis the relationship of that POWERFUL deity (yhwh) and historical events (good or bad) in this way (Rewards vs Punishments).
9.When Babylonia swallowed up a vast portion of Israel it could have been a horrible refutation of yhwh's power and existence had the mythos not portrayed this event as a punishment.
10. Mingling with Babylonian religious ideas produced a new way of portraying setbacks, defeats and calamity under yhwh. The Ahura Mazda mythos of Evil as a being. The idea of an opposing personage (satan) appeared suddenly in Jewish religious doctrine.
11.Returning to their homeland (restoration from the Diaspora) caused and required a RE-telling of all their previous history with yhwh to include the new mythos-character satan.
12.The Tanach is a vast revision of everything that went before in terms of yhwh's power ethos clashing with evil satan.
13.Christianity continued and amplified the duality of good vs evil personifying it further. The death of Yeshua as a Messiah was merely a temporary blow by Satan AND----a fulfillment of yhwh's plan from way back in Eden (Genesis 3:15).
14.The greek pagan Neo-Platonic ideas, religion and philosophy of the Christian era caused the Messiah/Yeshua to further meld with the Jewish deity identity (yhwh) and a Triune understand became more comprehensible.
15.After the death of Yeshua, a retelling in epic proportions was required to make sense of his death to convert it into a powerful triumph over evil.
16.Yeshua was Jesus and Jesus was yhwh (Jehovah) and he would defeat Satan SOON (a return and battle for triumph).
From that point forward every Christian denomination has pushed and pulled those basics into their own brand of mythos.
For Jehovah's Witnesses, as merely one brand of that hybridization, a distortion of JEHOVAH above all else emerged and got twisted into a modern Second Advent triumph with a latter-day Israel (the anointed/governing body).
Voila! The whole tale told over again. JW's are Israel. Using the name Jehovah requires careful use, etc.
The name of Jehovah is a superstitious fetish. It is a way of creating a Brand name. Judge Rutherford was the inventor of this contemporary branding of a modern Second Adventist cult movement.
Accuracy has little to do with their policies and programs.
Terry