List of 100 Watchtower Corporations [Reposted and Updated]

Amazing
I posted this a few years ago, before the Society created the Christian Congregaton of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc., Kingdom Services, Inc., etc. in their Oct. 2000 meeting. However, much of this is still true and useful:

SOME OF THESE WILL SURPRISE YOU: I have captured nearly all Watchtower Society corporations in the United States. I have placed those of greatest interest at the top. I have Bolded those that are unique. But, those following are still of importance. I also have access to the financial reports of many of the more important ones. ~~I will publish that list in a separate post soon.~~ I have an additional list of about 40 to 50 other Watchtower corporations, and will compare these to weed out duplicates, ~~then post a Revised Edition~~. Yes, there are more US based Watchtower corporations beside the over 100 named below.
IMPORTANT NOTE: All of these are separately “registered” Watchtower corporations and “not” local congregations, and have “slightly different name” designations. When a corporation registers with a state, their corporate name must be EXACT ... and any slight changes, SUCH AS ABBREVIATIONS, MISPELLINGS, CAPITALIZATIONS, PERIODS, AND COMMAS ARE IMPORTANT and are made part of that exact corporate name. There is a legal purpose for this. Many of these “at the end” show up as Kingdom Halls, but that is because they use a Kingdom Hall for a Branch or Special operation. When a Congregation or Kingdom Hall is named as “DBA” it is being used by the Watchtower Society for additional purposes, such as Conventions, distribution centers or other legal needs.
It has taken me a long time to compile this. It may be shared with any lawyer that is involved in lawsuit against the Watchtower Society so that they can more quickly get the court to make Citations of Discovery of Assets:
GENERAL NY CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS, SUBSIDARIES, SPECIAL OPERATIONS:
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Buffalo, NY Headquarters
Mountainbrook Ltd Partnership (dba "Watchtower Educ Ctr") Patterson, NY Headquarters
Watchtower (dba "Kingdom Farms") Lansing, NY (There are also other Kingdom Farms in Florida and Colorado, but I have not listed them at this time)
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Brooklyn, NY Headquarters
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Watchtower Health Care Sup") Brooklyn, NY Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Construction Division") Brooklyn, NY Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Watchtower Farm") Wallkill, NY Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Bossert Hotel") Brooklyn, NY Branch
Watchtower Bible And Clergy, The (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Fortuna, CA (I love this one)Watchtower Associates Ltd Woodbury, NYWatchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania, PA
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania Brooklyn, NY (Headquarters)
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Trafford, PA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Clinton, IL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Mattituck, NY Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses," "Kingdom Hall Jehovah Witnesses," "Kingdom Hall Inc") Fort Payne, AL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Lakeview Congrg Of Jehovahs W") Stanton, MI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Lake Ariel, PA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Sun City, AZ Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania Brooklyn, NY Branch
ADDRESSES OF KEY OPERATIONS: I now have access to the "complete or partially complete" reports on the Society's businesses, suppliers, credit, and background of the following Watchtower related corporations. Some of these seem like duplicates, but they "may" represent various operations and subsidiaries, such as printing factories, or shipping operations. Some of them, I do not yet know what their specific purpose is. The Watchtower Society has so many corporations that it is hard to track it all ... and I just don't have the time to keep tracking all of this information:
WATCHTOWER, 317 Auburn Rd, Lansing, NY 14882 WATCHTOWER EDUC CTR, 100 WATCHTOWER DR., PATTERSON, NY 12563
MOUNTAINBROOK LTD PARTNERSHIP, 100 Watchtower Dr., Patterson, NY 12563 (Investment operation of Patterson site, including hotel)
WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC., 25 COLUMBIA HTS,. BROOKLYN, NY 11201
WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 25 COLUMBUS HEIGHTS, BROOKLYN, NY 11201
WATCHTOWER ASSOCIATES LTD, 147 HOLIDAY DR, WOODBURY, NY 11797
WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY THE, 121 N WILLOW ST, ONEIDA, NY 13421
WATCH TOWER SOCIETY, 1971 STRAUSS ST., BROOKLYN, NY 11212 (1971 BUSINESS COMMITTEE OF JEHOVAH WITNESSES)
WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK INC, 800 RED MILLS RD., WALLKILL, NY 12589
WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC., 86 MONTAGUE ST # 98, BROOKLYN, NY 11201
WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC., 117 ADAMS ST, BROOKLYN, NY 11201 (Branch Location)
WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 5550 BERGEN AVE., MATTITUCK, NY 11952 (Branch Location)
WATCHTOWER BIBLE, 16100 RIV AVE, BRONX, NY 10451
{FORMERLY} WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY INC), W RIVER RD N ROUTE 85, FULTON, NY 13069
WATCH TOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY, FOOTS CORNERS RD & ROUTE 96, INTERLAKEN, NY 14847(Headquarters location)
WATCH TOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY, 4208 NATIONAL ST, FLUSHING, NY 11368GENERAL PA CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS, BRANCHES, & SUBSIDARIES:
STATE BRANCHES or SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN STATES:
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Brooklyn, NY Branch
Jehovah's Witnesses Crown Point (Inc) (dba "Watchtower Society") Crown Point, IN
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Emmett, ID Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Hernando, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Clearfield, PA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses Brklyn") Brooklyn, NY Branch
Watchtower Society (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Cleveland, OH
Watchtower And Bible Society (Inc) (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses W S Spanish") Ocala, FL
Watchtower Bb Tract Soc Of Ny Jasper, GA Branch
Watchtower Bb Tract Soc Of Ny (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Libby, MT Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Baker, MT
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witness Lake Mangoni") West Palm Beach, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Saint Paul, MN Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses(Inc)") Ashland, WI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Charlotte, MI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc West Palm Beach, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") El Toro, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Bishop, CA
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Soquel, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Fort Myers, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Toms River, NJ Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Pottstown, PA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Yakima, WA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Bemidji, MN Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Clarkesville, GA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") West Des Moines, IA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses-Mont") Montgomery, TX Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Knoxville, TN Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Crystal Lake, IL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Watchtower Bible And Track") Tijeras, NM Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Memphis, TN Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses," "Jehovah S Witnesses") Honolulu, HI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Anchorage, AK Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Portland, OR Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Cleveland, OH Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Saraland, AL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs
Witnesses," "Jehovah S Witnesses") Reedley, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Austell, GA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Conyers, GA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Sandusky, OH Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovah Witnesses East") De Leon Springs, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Yerington, NV Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") San Antonio, TX Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovah Witnesses") Denver, CO Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses Sandusky") Sandusky, MI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") San Antonio, TX Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Vancouver, WA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Dowagiac, MI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Brookville, PA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc Boynton Beach, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible And Trackt Society (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses Bandera Soc") Bandera, TX
Watchtower Bible And Tract Society Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Springfield, MA
Watchtower Bible Society Of Pa (Inc) (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses Hillsboro") Hillsboro, TX
Watchtower Bible Trac Society (Inc) (dba "Jehovahs Wtnesses Kingdom Hall") Kent, OH
Watchtower Bible Tract Of Pennsalvania (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Pottsville, PA
Watchtower Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") San Jose, CA
Watchtower Society (Inc), The (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Plano, TX
Wheaton Congrg Of Jehovah Inc (dba "Watchtower Bible And Track Soc") Wheaton, MN
SPECIAL OPERATIONS BRANCHES USING KINGDOM HALLS:
Jehovah’s Witnesses Kingdom Hall (dba "Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc") Metuchen, NJ
Watchtower Society (dba "Kingdom Hall," "Jehovah's Witnesses") Phoenix, AZ
Kingdom Hall Of Jehovah's Witnesses (dba "Watchtower The," "Jehovah's Witnesses") BELFAIR, WA
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (dba "Jehovahs Wtnesses Kingdom Hall") Laurel, MD
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses," "Jehovah's Witnesses") Lompoc, CA
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses Kingdom Hall") Yukon, OK Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jehovahs Witness") Mc Cormick, SC Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Cortez Cngrgtion Jhvah Wttness") Cortez, CO Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Of Jehovahs") Woodward, OK
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Levelland, TX Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses-Folsom") El Dorado Hills, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jehovahs Witness," "Kingdom Hall Jehovah S Witness") Wauchula, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witness Kingdom Hall") Durango, CO Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Elk Rapids Congrtn Jehova") Kewadin, MI Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Columbus Cngrgtn Jehovahs") Lynn, NC Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Wtness S Congregation") Live Oak, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Congregation Of Jenovahs") Lake Wales, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Winterpock Congregation") Chesterfield, VA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Of Jhvahs Wtness") Lindsay, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Of Jhvahs Wtness") Minneapolis, MN Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Of Jehovahs," "Kingdom Hall Of Jehovah S") Gallup, NM Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall," "Jehovah's Witnesses") Palestine, TX Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Maquoketa, IA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jehovahs Witness") KYLE, TX Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Watch Tower Bible Track Soc Ny," "Kingdom Hall") NAPA, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Wtnesses Kingdom Hall") Alhambra, CA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Norfolk, VA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jehovah Witness") Atoka, OK Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovahs Wtnesses Kingdom Hall") Orlando, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Saint Edward, NE Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Wahoo, NE Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Spring Hill, FL Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdom Hall Jhovahs Witnesses") Schoharie, NY Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Jehovah S Witness Kingdom Hall") North Wilkesboro, NC Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Northwest Cong Jehovahs," "Jehovah's Witnesses") Nashville, TN Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of New York Inc (dba "Kingdomhall Jehovahs Witnesses") Scottsville, VA Branch
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Ny Inc (dba "Jehovahs Witnesses") Klamath Falls, OR
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society Of Pennsylvania (dba "Jeovahs Witnesses Kingdom Hall") Buford, GA Branch
Watchtower Bible Tract Society (dba "Kingdom Hall," "Jehovah's Witnesses") Hart, MI Single
Watchtower Corp (dba "Jehovahs Wtnesses Kingdom Hall") Macon, GA
I hope that you enjoy the list ... add to it if you can ... and most of all, feel free to distribute it ... and credit the source. Jim Whitney
crazyblondeb

what's the difference between special operations and special branches? some of those listed are like just normal kingdom halls, right?
Amazing

Crazyblond,
what's the difference between special operations and special branches? some of those listed are like just normal kingdom halls, right?
I explained this above in my opening notations ... they are not normal Kingdom Halls, as these would have their own corporate names and cannot use the Society's corporate names. The Watchtower Society is rather fussy about a local congregation or Kingdom Hall usings its corporate name and would direct the congregation to cease if it did so. For example: a local congregation in Arlington Heights, Illinois might simply be called the North Arlington Heights Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc. It would be a separate Illinois corporation. But, if the Society wanted to use their Kingdom Hall for a local operation or state branch, and for mailing purposes, it would form the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York Inc, dba Arlington Heights Kingdom Hall ... or something along those lines. The Society eithers sets up branches, special operations or reincorporates in each state. I have another list, and will add it one day when I get around to it.
Jim Whitney
SWALKER

We appreciate all the hard work. Thanks for posting this info!!!
Swalker
greendawn

I also appreciate the extensive research you had to carry out to gather all this information. I wonder why does the WTS have so many corporation. Why so many? Could something fishy be going on with this?
I am not into economics or law but by seeing these figures what I get is the impression that the dubs are dealing with a business, and a very big business at that, and not a religion. The WTS has more in common with McDonalds rather than the early Church which they supposedly faithfully copy. It would be interesting to research their secret corporate world which is their real world, the religion side being only a front to cover their real nature and intentions.
jgnat

All these corporations help dilute the control, and thereby the liability of any one group. Remember, the society was founded by a lawyer, and then "refined" by a token "judge". This structure is nearly impossible to disentangle.
I researched the income and expenditure of several local congregations and the corporation that manages the "Devil's Lake" assembly hall. One year the expenses dramatically increased for using the assembly hall. I suspect the various Kingdom Halls and other corporations are playing a version of "hide the assets". It's probably much worse the higher you go up in the organization.
Amazing

greendawn and jgnat,

It would be interesting to research their secret corporate world which is their real world, the religion side being only a front to cover their real nature and intentions.
Some of their corporate operations are designed to allow them to operate in each state for the purpose of operating large conventions, etc. But some of the other operations seem a little fuzzy. They also have many corporations in other countries, which is understandable to operate under various national laws.
All these corporations help dilute the control, and thereby the liability of any one group. Remember, the society was founded by a lawyer, and then "refined" by a token "judge". This structure is nearly impossible to disentangle.
The founder, Charles Russell, was not a lawyer. He was a clothing retailer with his father. It was the sale of the family clothing business which funded his establishment of the Watchtower Society. There will also be some information coming out by others which will give many more details on the origination of the Society, and other parties involved with Russell. Perhaps one of them was an attorney. Rutherford is the real source of much of the legalistic terminology used by the JWs. Instead of congregations they had "companies." They obolosihed Elders in favor of "Company Servants" etc. The terms Circuit and District come straight from the United States Court system. The older term "probation" also cam from the court system. Today, of course, they simply use 'reproof."
I researched the income and expenditure of several local congregations and the corporation that manages the "Devil's Lake" assembly hall. One year the expenses dramatically increased for using the assembly hall. I suspect the various Kingdom Halls and other corporations are playing a version of "hide the assets". It's probably much worse the higher you go up in the organization.
We really cannot be sure ... they could have had unusually higher contributions, or merged some operations. Generally, Kingdom Hall and Circuit Assembly accounting is lean and nothing compared to a normal church. Where the really big bucks show up is at the District Convention level ... when they have 50,000 or more in attendance. But, what I really would love to know is the assets held in stocks and bonds. And, of course, any assets held off shore. I have an idea, and some information, but I am waiting to gather more before I ever post anything.
Jim Whitney
TopHat

Thanks for your post on this subject, Amazing

jgnat

I did a bit of digging on the Canadian charities database this morning. Here's a portion of their 2006 return.

	2006
	Registered Charity Information Return
	for
	WATCH TOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY OF CANADA





	Total eligible amount of tax-receipted gifts	4500	$ 17,212,782	Literature sales?
	Total amount received from other registered charities	4510	$ 8,923,213	Hall contributions?
	Total specified gifts included in line 4510	4520
	Total enduring property included in line 4510	4525	$ 221,270
	Total other gifts	4530	$ 4,847,693	Direct donations - estates?
	Revenue from federal government	4540
	Revenue from provincial/territorial governments	4550
	Revenue from municipal/regional governments	4560
	Total revenue from government	4570
	Interest and investment income	4580	$ 1,237,053
	Proceeds from disposition of assets
	· gross	4590	$ 3,633,407
	· net	4600	$ 1,685,641
	Rental income (land and buildings)	4610
	Memberships, dues, and association fees (non tax-receipted)	4620
	Total revenue from fundraising	4630
	Total revenue from sale of goods and services (except to government)	4640
	Other revenue	4650	$ 226,056
	Total revenue	4700	$ 34,132,438

	Selected Expenses
	Donated and purchased supplies and assets expensed for the fiscal period	4890	$ 17,636,771	Printing costs?

	Total expenditures (add lines 4950, 5050, 5060 and 5070)	5100	$ 30,375,855	4 million profit? What is "Total other gifts"?

F1	What were the total expenditures on programs outside Canada during the fiscal period, excluding gifts to qualified donees?	5400	$ 15,549,684	Is this amount paid to "mother" for the printed materials?

My point is that the only source of new money is the rank and file in the congregations. Any other "expenses" or "income" is moving money between administrative entities. I've categorized the Canadian entities by type.

Count of

Congregation

Type

Province

Assembly

Circuit

Congregation

Grand Total

Alberta

152

177

British Columbia

256

292

Manitoba

New Brunswick

Newfoundland

North West Territories

Nova Scotia

Ontario

441

495

Prince Edward Island

Quebec

Saskatchewan

Yukon

Grand Total

144

1,104

1,258

Only the Congregations have members. The Circuits and Assembly Halls are administrative entities only. Of all new giving, about $8 million is funnelled through the assemblies and circuits back to the Watch Tower Society, Canada. In turn, the Canadian office is contributing over half their income ($15 million) overseas (US Bethel?).

List of 100 Watchtower Corporations [Reposted and Updated]

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